B1c Protein Synthesis

Question 1

What is a gene?

Answer 1

Base sequence of DNA that codes for the sequence of amino acids/primary structure of a polypeptide

Question 2

What is the gene locus?

Answer 2

The fixed position of a gene on a particular DNA molecule/chromosome

Question 3

What is a triplet?

Answer 3

A sequence of 3 DNA bases which codes for a specific amino acid.

Question 4

The genetic code is universal. What does this mean?

Answer 4

A particular triplet codes for the same amino acid in all living organisms.

Question 5

The genetic code is non-overlapping. What does this mean?

Answer 5

Triplets are read sequentially

Question 6

The genetic code is degenerate. What does this mean?

Answer 6

More than one DNA triplet can code for an amino acid.

Question 7

Name the molecule shown in the diagram

Answer 7

tRNA

Question 8

What is an exon?

Answer 8

The sequences within a gene that code for the polypeptide.

Question 9

What is an intron?

Answer 9

A non-coding sequence of bases in a gene that do not code for the amino acid sequence. Removed during splicing

Question 10

Where are non-coding multiple repeats of base sequence found?

Answer 10

Between genes in eukaryotes

Question 11

Name the process happening in the diagram

Answer 11

Transcription

Question 12

What is a genome?

Answer 12

Complete set of genes in a cell.

Question 13

What is a proteome?

Answer 13

The full range of proteins that a cell is able to make

Question 14

Name the enzyme needed to join mRNA nucleotides.

Answer 14

RNA polymerase

Question 15

Describe the structure of mRNA

Answer 15

Short linear RNA sequence that carries the genetic code for the construction of a polypeptide.

Question 16

Describe the process of transcription

Answer 16

DNA helicase unwinds a gene on a the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds

Complementary RNA nucleotides diffuse and form hydrogen bonds with their complementary base pairs

RNA polymerase joins the RNA nucleotides together with phosphodiester bonds

mRNA is formed

Question 17

Describe the structure of tRNA

Answer 17

Linear RNA nucleotide which is folded into a clover leaf/hairpin shape and held in place by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.

Question 18

Where does transcription take place?

Answer 18

Nucleus

Question 19

What happens during transcription?

Answer 19

Production on mRNA from DNA

Question 20

What is removed from pre-mRNA to form mRNA in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 20

Introns

Question 21

What is translation?

Answer 21

The production of of polypeptide from the sequence of codons

carried on the mRNA.

Question 22

Name the organelle shown in the picture

Answer 22

Ribosome

Question 23

What is a codon?

Answer 23

A sequence of 3 bases on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

Question 24

Where, in the cell, does translation take place?

Answer 24

In the cytoplasm.

Question 25

Name the organelle responsible for translation.

Answer 25

Ribosome

Question 26

What is the role of tRNA in translation?

Answer 26

Carries a specific amino acid from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.
The anticodon determines which amino acid it carries.

Question 27

What is the role of ATP in protein synthesis/translation?

Answer 27

Provides the energy required to join amino acids together.

Question 28

What is an anticodon?

Answer 28

Sequence of 3 bases on tRNA molecule which is complementary to the codon on the mRNA

Question 29

Name the process happening in the diagram

Answer 29

Transcription