B1b Cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

List the stages that occur during interphase

A

G1 - growth

S - syntheiss of DNA

G2 - growth & prepartion for mitosis

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2
Q

When in the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?

A

Interphase

S phase

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3
Q

Describe the structure of a chromosome at prophase.

A

Two identical chromatids joined by a centromere

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4
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

DNA replication
Replication of cell organelles
Store of ATP synthesised
Growth of cell

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5
Q

Describe what happens in prophase.

A

DNA condenses onto histones
Chromosomes become visible

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6
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes move to the equator of the cell.
Centromere attaches to the spindle fibres.

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7
Q

Describe what happens during anaphase.

A

Spindle fibres pull chromatids to opposite poles of the cell.

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8
Q

Describe what happens at telophase

A

Chromosomes/chromatids arrive at the poles of the cell.

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9
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Cytoplasm divides to form two new cells.

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10
Q

Whch stage of mitosis is shown in the diagram?

A

Anaphase

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11
Q

Which stage of mitosis is shown in the diagram?

A

Metaphase

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12
Q

Name the stage of mitosis shown in the photograph.

A

Metaphase

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13
Q

What is the cause of tumour and cancers?

A

Uncontrolled mitosis.

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14
Q

Name the process used when eukaryotic cells divide?

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

Name the process used when prokaryotic cells divide.

A

Binary fission.

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16
Q

Describe the process of binary fission

A

Replication of circular DNA and plasmids.
Division of cytoplasm to form two daughter cells each with a single copy of the circular DNA and a variable number of copies of plasmids.

17
Q

How do viruses make copies of themselves?

A

Inject DNA or RNA into host cell.
Host cell replicates DNA or RNA.
Host cell makes viral proteins.
Host cell constructs new virus particles.

18
Q

Cancer is caused by uncontrolled mitosis.

How do most cancer drugs work?

A

Prevent DNA replication
inhibiting metaphase by interfering with spindle formation

19
Q

Describe the cells produced by mitosis

A

2 daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and each other.
Genetically identical

20
Q

How much of a single cell cycle is spent in interphase?

A

90%

21
Q

How long does a mammalian cell take to undergo 1 complete cell cycle?

A

Approx. 24 hours.

22
Q

Why are cells taken from the root tip when studying mitosis/

A

Area of root growth
Meristem = place where mitosis/cell division occurs.

23
Q

When studying mitosis why do you firmly squash the root tip?

A

To create thin layer of cells /one cell thick
Allow light to penetrate the specimen

24
Q

How can you tell when a cell has undergone DNA replication?

A

Chromosomes become visible as X shaped strucutres - 2 sister chromatids joined by a centromere.

25
Q

How can you make the mitotic index accurate?

A

Systematic method of counting a large number of cells so the sample is representative.