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Biology Paper 2 > B16 - Homeostasis > Flashcards

B16 - Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are antagonistic pairs?

A

Pairs of muscles involved in contraction and relaxation.

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2
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

The muscle that is relaxing

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3
Q

Give an example of an antagonist.

A

Tricep: is relaxed when the arm is bent

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4
Q

What is an agonist?

A

The muscle that is contracted

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5
Q

Give an example of an agonist.

A

Bicep: when the arm is bent

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6
Q

Describe the sarcolemma.

A

Membrane of muscle fibres. Inward folds are known as T-Tubules

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7
Q

What are T-Tubules (Transverse Tubules)?

A

Important in initiating muscle contraction

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8
Q

Function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Store for Ca2+ ions

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9
Q

Why do muscle fibres require lots of mitochondria?

A

Provide ATP to power contraction

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10
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Cylindrical organelles that run the length of muscle fibres. They are the site of muscle contraction.

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11
Q

What are thick filaments made from?

A

Myosin protein

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12
Q

What are thin filaments made from?

A

Actin protein

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13
Q

What is the A-Band?

A

The overlapping region of thin and thick filaments

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14
Q

What is the H-band?

A

Only myosin (thick filaments)

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15
Q

What is the I-Band?

A

Only actin (thin filaments)

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16
Q

What is the Z-Line?

A

Marks the end of the sarcomere

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17
Q

Overview of the sliding filament theory.

A
  • Depolarisation of the sarcolemma (arrival of an action potential)
  • Contraction of sarcomeres (actin and mysosin slide over one another)
  • Muscle contraction
  • Muscle Relaxation
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18
Q

What type of heads to myosin filaments contain?

A

Globular heads.

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19
Q

How many binding sites do globular heads have?

A

Two

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20
Q

What do the binding sites on the globular heads do?

A

One binds to ATP and the other to actin

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21
Q

What is the binding site on the actin filament known as?

A

Actin-myosin binding site.

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22
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A
  • Blocks actin-myosin binding site when at rest
  • Located on the actin filaments
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23
Q

What are some ways ATP is produced to power contraction?

A
  • Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
  • Phosphocreatine
24
Q

How does phosphocreatine result in more ATP?

A

Donates an inorganic phosphate to ADP, which results in ATP production

25
Q

Where are calcium ions released from?

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

26
Q

How do calcium ions affect tropomyosin?

A

Ca2+ bind to the protein attached to tropomyosin, changing the shape of the protein
- Causes tropomyosin to move, no longer blocking the actin-myosin binding site

27
Q

Role of ATP hydrolase?

A

ATP = ADP +Pi which powers muscle contraction

28
Q

Why do myosin heads end up bending?

A

Energy is released from when ATP is hydrolysed. Movement of the head causes filaments to slide past one another.

29
Q

What does the shortening of the sarcomere lead to?

A

Muscle contraction

30
Q

What are the steps in halting contraction?

A

-Removal of calcium ions
- Movement of tropomyosin
- Lengthening of the sarcomere

31
Q

Give examples of slow-twitch muscles

A

Back and neck

32
Q

What are slow-twitch muscles used for?

A

Endurance and slow movement over long time periods

33
Q

What energy do slow-twitch fibres rely on?

A

Energy from aerobic respiration

34
Q

Give some features of slow-twitch muscles.

A
  • Lots of mitochondria
  • Lots of capillaries to supply oxygen
  • Low levels of glycogen and phosphocreatine
35
Q

Give examples of fast twitch muscles

A

Arms and legs

36
Q

What are fast twitch muscle fibres used for?

A

Fast and strong movements over short periods

37
Q

Describe the appearance of fast-twitch muscle fibres

A

Short and wide

38
Q

Describe the appearance of slow twitch muscle fibres

A

Long and thin

39
Q

Where do fast twitch muscles get their energy from?

A

Anaerobic respiration

40
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Restores the system to its original level

41
Q

Describe what happens during negative feedback.

A

Change is detected by receptors
Change is counteracted by effectors

42
Q

Why is blood concentration important?

A
  • Meeting respiratory demands
  • Maintaining water potential
43
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen into glucose

44
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Glucose into glycogen

45
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Glycerol and amino acids into glucose

46
Q

Does insulin revolve around a high or low blood glucose concentration?

A

High

47
Q

What cells detect a high blood glucose concentration?

A

B cells in the islets of Langerhans which secrete insulin into the blood

48
Q

What effect does insulin have on muscle cells?

A

Binds the receptors, resulting in more glucose channel proteins

49
Q

What process in the liver does insulin stimulate?

A

Glycogenesis - glucose converted into glycogen (high conc. so we want to remove glucose)

50
Q

State the significance of insulin.

A

Maintains optimum blood water potential otherwise water potential would decrease - cells shrivel and die.

51
Q

Which type of cells detect glucagon?

A

Alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans which secrete glucagon into the body.

52
Q

Which processes does glucagon stimulate in the liver?

A
  • Glycogenolysis
  • Gluconeogenesis
    We need more glucose, so it has to be created
53
Q

Importance of glucagon?

A
  • Slows the rate of respiration
  • Provides energy for respiration by producing glucose
54
Q

Effect on adrenaline in the liver?

A
  • Activates glycogenolysis
  • Inhibits glycogenesis
55
Q
A

Biology Paper 2 (7 decks)

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