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GCSE Biology > B16, B17, B1 > Flashcards

B16, B17, B1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chloroplast function:

A

Photosynthesis

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2
Q

Cell wall function:

A

Made of cellulose, gives the cell strength and support.

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3
Q

Vacuole function:

A

Contains cell sap (which keeps cell rigid) and controls cell water levels.

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4
Q

Cytoplasm function:

A

Jelly like substance where most chemical reactions take place

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5
Q

Nucleus function:

A

Contains DNA and controls the activities of the cell.

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6
Q

Cell membrane function:

A

Bodyguard of the cell.
Controls the movement of substances in & out of the cell.

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7
Q

Ribosome function:

A

Protein synthesis.

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8
Q

Mitochondria function:

A

Releases energy from aerobic respiration.

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9
Q

Magnification:

A

How large an image will appear in comparison to it’s actual size.

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10
Q

Resolution:

A

The clarity of objects that are very close together.

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11
Q

Magnification equation:

A

Image = Actual x Magnification

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12
Q

Eyepiece lens:

A

Lens closest to the eye.

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13
Q

Objective lens:

A

There are 3 lenses of different strengths which can be used to magnify the image more clearly.

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14
Q

Stage:

A

Where the slide is put. The clip holds the slide in place.

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15
Q

Diaphragm:

A

Controls the amount of light that goes on the slide.

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16
Q

Light:

A

Projects light onto the slide. Usually a mirror or electric bulb.

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17
Q

Base:

A

This is very heavy to keep the microscope from falling over.

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18
Q

Arm:

A

Holds the eyepiece lens above the stage.

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19
Q

Fine focus knob:

A

Used to focus the image so it is very sharp and clear.

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20
Q

Coarse focus knob:

A

Used to focus the image so it is very sharp and clear.

21
Q

Prokaryotes:

A

Bacterial cells. Have a cell wall, cell membrane, genetic material, cytoplasm, plasmids and flagella.

22
Q

Eukaryotes:

A

Cells with a nucleus (animal and plant cells).

23
Q

Specialised cell examples:

A
  • Sperm cell (carries genetic information to egg cell, tail allows it to swim).
  • Red blood cell (transports oxygen required for aerobic respiration, no nucleus = more room for haemoglobin. Lots of haemoglobin = can carry more oxygen).
  • Palisade cell (Photosynthesis; lots of chloroplasts = maximise absorption of light)
24
Q

Stem cell:

A

An undifferentiated cell which can become any type of cell.

Embryonic stem cell, Adult stem cell, Plant stem cell

25
Q

Embryonic stem cell:

A
  • In the embryo.
  • Can differentiate into any type of body cell.
  • Use: Can treat any type of disease.
26
Q

Adult stem cell:

A
  • In bonemarrow.
  • Can only differentiate in some cell types.
  • Use: Bone marrow transplant.
27
Q

Stem cell ethics:

A

Embryo For:
- Treatment for disease that previously had no cure.
- Many embryos naturally lost at this stage (abortion or discarded from IVF)

Embryo Against:
- Concerns that could cause cancer due to rapid growth.
- Moral, ethical and religious views against.

Adult for:
- Come from volunteers
- Less likely to become cancerous.

Adult against:
- Pre-specialised, EG blood stem cells make only blood cells.

28
Q

Cell cycle stage 1:

A
  • Cell grows in size
  • Increase in number of organelles
  • DNA duplicates
29
Q

Cell cycle stage 2 (mitosis):

A
  • Chromosomes line up in the middle.
  • 1 copy of each chromosome is pulled to the side.
  • Nucleus divides.
30
Q

Cell cycle stage 3:

A
  • Cytoplasm & cell membrane divide.
  • To form 2 genetically identical daughter cells.
31
Q

Food chain order:

A

Producers - make own food with photosynthesis.
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers

32
Q

Predators, prey & apex predators:

A

Predators = eat live prey.
Prey = gets eaten by predators.
Apex predators = do not get eaten by anything else.

33
Q

Predator/prey relationship:

A
  • Less predators than prey.
  • Prey increases, predators increase.
    • More food available so predators can reproduce more.
  • Prey decreases, predators decrease.
    - Less prey = less food = starvation.
34
Q

Decay cycle:

A
  • Decomposers return nutrients to soil.
    • eg fungi, bacteria, insects/worms
  • dead animals/plants and faeces decompose.
  • key nutrients are recycled into the soil by decomposers.
    • eg carbon and nitrogen.
35
Q

Carbon cycle:

A
  • Carbon in atmosphere absorbed by plants for photosynthesis.
  • Plants consumed by animals - carbon bioaccumulated into their bodies.
  • Animals and plants eventually die, and decomposing releases carbon back into atmosphere.
36
Q

Water cycle:

A

Transpiration: Water taken in roots of plants is sent back into the atmosphere as water vapour.
Evaporation: Water evaporates from bodies of water, due to light energy from the sun.
Condensation: After evaporation and transpiration, the water vapour cools, forming liquid clouds.
Transport: When liquid clouds are formed, they can be pushed far distances by wind.
Precipitation: Rain, snow, sleet and hail fall from the clouds into the bodies of water and the land.
Surface runoff: Sometimes, when there is a large amount of precipitation, water runs along the earth to enter bodies of water.
Infiltration: Some water that falls is absorbed into the ground. It can then be stored in aquifers. These are underground, permeable rocks.

37
Q

Biodiversity:

A

All species living in a certain ecosystem.

38
Q

Human population explosion:

A
  • less people dying
  • healthier lifestyle
  • no natural predators
  • population increasing rapidly
39
Q

land pollution:

A

landfill
litter
plastic (non biodegradable)

40
Q

air pollution:

A

from fossil fuels
CO2 released in air contributes to greenhouse effect -> global warming

41
Q

community:

A

all the organisms that live in a habitat

42
Q

ecosystem:

A

the interaction of a community with non living parts of their environment.

43
Q

global warming

A

ice caps melt -> rising sea levels -> loss of houses

environmental issues -> animals have to adapt

44
Q

sulfid dioxide acid rain:

A
  • sulfur dioxide dissolves in rainwater to make sulfuric acid.
  • harms and kills plants
  • damages statues and buildings
45
Q

method to count number of daisies on a field:

A

use a quadrat and count number of daisies. repeat process at least 10 times. find the mean and multiply by total area of field.

46
Q

what is a quadrat?

A

a 1m x 1m piece of equipment set down to count a number of organisms.

47
Q

random sampling:

A

unbiased randomly placed quadrats to get a representative sample of the number of organisms in an area.

48
Q

transect sampling:

A

tape measure/line used to mark a sample area. quadrat used at regular intervals to count number of organisms.

GCSE Biology (2 decks)

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