B1.3 Respiration

Question 1

<p>Carbohydrates are organic molecules that all contain...</p>

Answer 1

<p>carbon, hydrogen and oxygen</p>

Question 2

<p>Monosaccharides are...</p>

Answer 2

<p>The individual molecules (monomers) that build carbohydrates e.g:</p>

<ul> <li>glucose</li> <li>fructose</li> <li>galactose</li></ul>

Question 3

<p>Disaccharides can be formed from...</p>

Answer 3

<p>Two monosaccharides e.g:</p>

<ul> <li>glucose + fructose = sucrose</li> <li>galactose + glucose = lactose</li> <li>glucose + glucose = maltose</li></ul>

Question 4

<p>Carbohydrates are normally stored as...</p>

Answer 4

<p>Polysaccharides e.g. starch, glycogen and cellulose.</p>

Question 5

<p>Proteins are organic molecules that all contain...</p>

Answer 5

<p>Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.</p>

Question 6

<p>Proteins are made from...</p>

Answer 6

<p>About 20 amino acid monomers.</p>

Question 7

<p>Amino acids are linked together by...</p>

Answer 7

<p>Peptide bonds to form polypeptides which form proteins</p>

Question 8

<p>Proteaseis...</p>

Answer 8

<p>The enzymethat breakdown proteins into amino acids.</p>

Question 9

<p>State the difference between anabolism and catabolism.</p>

Answer 9

<ul> <li>Anabolism = biosynthsis, the building up of larger molecules from smallmolecules</li> <li>Catabolism = biodegregation, the breaking down of largemolecules into smaller molecules</li></ul>

Question 10

<p>State the three enzymes that breakdown the disaccharides maltose, sucrose and lactose.</p>

Answer 10

<ol> <li>Maltase = maltose = glucose + glucose</li> <li>Sucrase = sucrose = glucose + fructose</li> <li>Lactase = lactose = galactose + glucose</li></ol>

Question 11

<p>What does the enzyme amylase catalyse?</p>

Answer 11

<p>The breakdown of the polysaccaride starch into the disaccharide maltose.</p>

Question 12

<p>Lipids are energy dense organic molecules that all contain...</p>

Answer 12

<p>carbon, oxygen and hydrogen</p>

Question 13

<p>Lipids are made from...</p>

Answer 13

<p>One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids molecules.</p>

Question 14

<p>The enzyme... breaksdown lipids into fatty acids and gylcerol.</p>

Answer 14

<p>Lipase</p>

Question 15

<p>What is cellular respiration and what does it do?</p>

Answer 15

<ul> <li>A continually occurring and universal process</li> <li>Provides this energy in all living things.</li> <li>Exothermic reaction</li></ul>

Question 16

<p>Cells need the energy released by cellular respiration to carry out all living processes including:</p>

Answer 16

<ol> <li>Movement – energy is needed for muscle cells to contract.</li> <li>Biosynthesis – chemical reactions building up molecules</li> <li>Thermoregulation – keeping organisms warm</li></ol>

Question 17

<p>State the main substrate of cellular respiration in animals?</p>

Answer 17

<p>Glucose</p>

Question 18

<p>Where doesaerobic respiration occurs in eukaryotic cells, including animal and plant cells?</p>

Answer 18

<p>Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.</p>

Question 19

<p>Where doesanaerobic respiration occurs in eukaryotic cells, including animal and plant cells?</p>

Answer 19

<p>Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm.</p>

Question 20

<p>What is the chemical equation foraerobic respiration?</p>

Answer 20

<p>C₆H₁₂06 + 0₂→ CO₂+H₂O + ATP</p>

Question 21

<p>What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?</p>

Answer 21

<p>Glucose + oxygen→carbon dioxide + water + energy</p>

Question 22

<p>Why is respiration an oxidation reaction?</p>

Answer 22

<p>Oxygen is used to react with glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.</p>

Question 23

<p>What does ATP stand for?</p>

Answer 23

<p>Adenosine Triphoshate</p>

Question 24

<p>Aerobic respiration is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that can be divided into three main stages:</p>

Answer 24

<ol> <li>Link reaction – Occurs in the matrix</li> <li>The Krebs cycle – Occurs in the matrix</li> <li>Electron transport chain – Occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane.</li></ol>

Question 25

What is glycolysis and where does it take place?

Answer 25

• The first stage in cellular respiration
• Anaerobic stage 
• Net gain of 2 ATP
• Takes place in the cytoplasm

Question 26

What is anaerobic respiration?

Answer 26

Respiration in the abscence of oxygen.

Question 27

How does the energy released from anaerobic respiration compare to aerobic respiration?

Answer 27

• Anaerobic respiration = 2 ATP
• Aerobic respiration = 38 ATP

Question 28

What is the word equation for anaerobic respitation in animals?

Answer 28

glucose → lactic acid + ATP

Question 29

What is the word equation for anaerobic respitation in plants and microorganisms?

Answer 29

glucose → carbon dioxide + ethanol + ATP

Question 30

What is an 'oxygen debt'?

Answer 30

• As lactic acid is poisonous to the body it must be broken down using oxygen after anaerobic respiration.
• Heavy breathing after exercise provides extra oxygen to breakdown the lactic acid and the extra oxygen required is known as the oxygen debt. 

Question 31

When does anaerobic respiration take place in animals?

Answer 31

Normally during strenuous exercise when the demand for oxygen by muscles is greater than the oxygen that can be supplied from aerobic respiration.

Question 32

Anaerobic respiration in yeast is called... 

Answer 32

Fermentation

Question 33

Name two commercial uses of fermentation.

Answer 33

1. Bread making
2. Brewing