B1.3 Respiration

Question 1

<p>Carbohydrates are organic molecules that all contain...</p>

Answer 1

<p>carbon, hydrogen and oxygen</p>

Question 2

<p>Monosaccharides are...</p>

Answer 2

<p>The individual molecules (monomers) that build carbohydrates e.g:</p>

<ul> <li>glucose</li> <li>fructose</li> <li>galactose</li></ul>

Question 3

<p>Disaccharides can be formed from...</p>

Answer 3

<p>Two monosaccharides e.g:</p>

<ul> <li>glucose + fructose = sucrose</li> <li>galactose + glucose = lactose</li> <li>glucose + glucose = maltose</li></ul>

Question 4

<p>Carbohydrates are normally stored as...</p>

Answer 4

<p>Polysaccharides e.g. starch, glycogen and cellulose.</p>

Question 5

<p>Proteins are organic molecules that all contain...</p>

Answer 5

<p>Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.</p>

Question 6

<p>Proteins are made from...</p>

Answer 6

<p>About 20 amino acid monomers.</p>

Question 7

<p>Amino acids are linked together by...</p>

Answer 7

<p>Peptide bonds to form polypeptides which form proteins</p>

Question 8

<p>Proteaseis...</p>

Answer 8

<p>The enzymethat breakdown proteins into amino acids.</p>

Question 9

<p>State the difference between anabolism and catabolism.</p>

Answer 9

<ul> <li>Anabolism = biosynthsis, the building up of larger molecules from smallmolecules</li> <li>Catabolism = biodegregation, the breaking down of largemolecules into smaller molecules</li></ul>

Question 10

<p>State the three enzymes that breakdown the disaccharides maltose, sucrose and lactose.</p>

Answer 10

<ol> <li>Maltase = maltose = glucose + glucose</li> <li>Sucrase = sucrose = glucose + fructose</li> <li>Lactase = lactose = galactose + glucose</li></ol>

Question 11

<p>What does the enzyme amylase catalyse?</p>

Answer 11

<p>The breakdown of the polysaccaride starch into the disaccharide maltose.</p>

Question 12

<p>Lipids are energy dense organic molecules that all contain...</p>

Answer 12

<p>carbon, oxygen and hydrogen</p>

Question 13

<p>Lipids are made from...</p>

Answer 13

<p>One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids molecules.</p>

Question 14

<p>The enzyme... breaksdown lipids into fatty acids and gylcerol.</p>

Answer 14

<p>Lipase</p>

Question 15

<p>What is cellular respiration and what does it do?</p>

Answer 15

<ul> <li>A continually occurring and universal process</li> <li>Provides this energy in all living things.</li> <li>Exothermic reaction</li></ul>

Question 16

<p>Cells need the energy released by cellular respiration to carry out all living processes including:</p>

Answer 16

<ol> <li>Movement – energy is needed for muscle cells to contract.</li> <li>Biosynthesis – chemical reactions building up molecules</li> <li>Thermoregulation – keeping organisms warm</li></ol>

Question 17

<p>State the main substrate of cellular respiration in animals?</p>

Answer 17

<p>Glucose</p>

Question 18

<p>Where doesaerobic respiration occurs in eukaryotic cells, including animal and plant cells?</p>

Answer 18

<p>Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.</p>

Question 19

<p>Where doesanaerobic respiration occurs in eukaryotic cells, including animal and plant cells?</p>

Answer 19

<p>Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm.</p>

Question 20

<p>What is the chemical equation foraerobic respiration?</p>

Answer 20

<p>C₆H₁₂06 + 0₂→ CO₂+H₂O + ATP</p>

Question 21

<p>What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?</p>

Answer 21

<p>Glucose + oxygen→carbon dioxide + water + energy</p>

Question 22

<p>Why is respiration an oxidation reaction?</p>

Answer 22

<p>Oxygen is used to react with glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.</p>

Question 23

<p>What does ATP stand for?</p>

Answer 23

<p>Adenosine Triphoshate</p>

Question 24

<p>Aerobic respiration is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that can be divided into three main stages:</p>

Answer 24

<ol> <li>Link reaction – Occurs in the matrix</li> <li>The Krebs cycle – Occurs in the matrix</li> <li>Electron transport chain – Occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane.</li></ol>

Question 25

<p>What is glycolysis and where does it take place?</p>

Answer 25

<ul> <li>The first stage in cellular respiration</li> <li>Anaerobic stage</li> <li>Net gain of 2 ATP</li> <li>Takes place in the cytoplasm</li></ul>

Question 26

<p>What is anaerobic respiration?</p>

Answer 26

<p>Respiration in the abscence of oxygen.</p>

Question 27

<p>How does the energy released from anaerobic respiration compare to aerobic respiration?</p>

Answer 27

<ul> <li>Anaerobic respiration = 2 ATP</li> <li>Aerobic respiration = 38 ATP</li></ul>

Question 28

<p>What is the word equation for anaerobic respitation in animals?</p>

Answer 28

<p>glucose → lactic acid + ATP</p>

Question 29

<p>What is the word equation for anaerobic respitation in plants and microorganisms?</p>

Answer 29

<p>glucose → carbon dioxide + ethanol + ATP</p>

Question 30

<p>What is an 'oxygen debt'?</p>

Answer 30

<ul> <li>As lactic acid is poisonous to the body it must be broken down using oxygen after anaerobic respiration.</li> <li>Heavy breathing after exercise provides extra oxygen to breakdown the lactic acid and the extra oxygen required is known asthe oxygen debt.</li></ul>

Question 31

<p>When does anaerobic respiration take place in animals?</p>

Answer 31

<p>Normally during strenuous exercise when the demand for oxygen by muscles is greater than the oxygen that can be supplied from aerobic respiration.</p>

Question 32

<p>Anaerobic respiration in yeast is called...</p>

Answer 32

<p>Fermentation</p>

Question 33

<p>Name two commercial uses offermentation.</p>

Answer 33

<ol> <li>Bread making</li> <li>Brewing</li></ol>