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Biology Paper 2 > B13 > Flashcards

B13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

its made up of long molecules of DNA

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2
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

What is DNA?

A

a polymer which is made up of many repeating units, spiralled into a double helix.

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4
Q

What is DNA made from?

A

a sugar, base and phoshate

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5
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

the combination of a sugar, a phosphate and a base.

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6
Q

What are the bases called?

A

ATCG

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7
Q

What are proteins made from?

A

amino acids

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8
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a random change in the sequence of bases

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9
Q

Sexual reproduction…

A

requires a male and female sex cells (gametes)

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10
Q

How many bases code for an amino acid?

A

3

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11
Q

Benefits of asexual reproduction?

A

quick and doesn’t need a mate

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12
Q

Benefits of sexual reproduction?

A

they a genetically different

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13
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in a human cell?

A

23

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14
Q

Haploid…

A

having half the normal number of chromosomes

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15
Q

Diploid…

A

having the normal number of chromosomes

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16
Q

Mitosis…

A

is used for growth and repair - produces two diploid daughter cells (which are identical to each other and parent cell)

17
Q

Meiosis…

A

is used to produce a gametes - produces four haploid daughter cells (which are different to each other and to the parent cell)

18
Q

Equation for fertilization =

A

human sperm + human egg cell = human zygote

19
Q

Alleles…

A

different versions of the same gene

20
Q

Dominant…

A

stronger gene (only need 1 alleles to express the characteristics)

21
Q

Recessive…

A

weaker gene (need both alleles to be the same for characteristics)

22
Q

Heterozygous =

A

alleles which are different eg Bb

23
Q

Homozygous =

A

alleles which are the same eg BB

24
Q

Genotype =

A

the genetic make up of an organism (the combination of alleles eg BB)

25
Q

Phenotype =

A

the observable characteristics that the organism has eg brown fur

26
Q

XY =

A

male

27
Q

XX

A

female

28
Q

Cystic fibrosis =

A

is a genetic disorder that affects many organs of the body especially the lungs, reproduction system and the dg

29
Q

Causes of Cystic fibrosis =

A

its caused by a recessive allele so it must be inherited from both parents who are carriers

30
Q

Polydactyly =

A

is when someone is born with an extra finger or toes

31
Q

Symptoms of Cystic fibrosis =

A

Thick mucus, difficulty in breathing, chest infections

32
Q

Risks of embryo screening =

A

miscarriages, unexpected birth, false or negative tests

Biology Paper 2 (2 decks)

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