B1.3 Flashcards
What is the cell surface membrane also called
It’s also called the plasma membrane
Where is the cell surface membrane found
Around the outside of the cell
What does the cell surface membrane consist of
It consists of a phospholipid bilayer together with proteins, antigens and other components.
What is the cell surface membrane described as
The fluid mosaic model
What’s is the function of the cell surface membrane
It controls the entry and exit of substances that come in and out of the cell
What does the nucleus contain
DNA
What is DNA short for
deoxyribonucleic (dee-OK-see-ri-bo-new-klee-ik) acid
What is the nucleus surrounded by
The nuclear envelope
This is a double membrane that has may gaps or pores
What does the nucleus contain
It contains genetic information in the form of DNA
What else is DNA combined with inside the nucleus
DNA is also combined with proteins known as histones, which forms the complex known as chromatin.
What is chromatin
Chromatin is coiled and super coiled to form the chromosomes
What is the function of the mitochondria
They are the site of aerobic respiration
Why is aerobic respiration used in the mitochondria
It’s important as it it helps to make energy for the cell in the form of ATP, and makes a lot more ATP in comparison to anaerobic respiration.
What is ATP short for
Adenosine triphosphate
What is aerobic respiration
It’s the process where glucose is reacted with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
The reaction is exothermic, so the energy transferred in the reaction is used to produce ATP, which is the energy currency of the cell
Almost all of the processes in the cell that require energy is obtained from ATP.
How is mitochondria stored
Like nuclei, mitochondria are enclosed by a double membrane (envelope).
The inner membrane is folded into structures called cristae and is filled with fluid known as the matrix.
What is the phospholipid bilayer
A double layer of phospholipids with the hydrophobic tails arranged towards the middle and the hydrophilic heads on the outside.
It forms the basis of all biological membranes.
What do all cell membranes consist of
Consist of a phospholipid bilayer, proteins and other components
What is an organelle
They’re specialised structures within plant and animal cells that have specific functions. Some types of organelles are also found in bacteria cells.
What is the cytoplasm
It’s the fluid component of the cell, enclosed by the cell membrane and surrounding organelles.
What is an organism
It’s an individual plant, animal or single celled life form
What is a ribosome
They’re the smallest organelles within the cell
What is the ribosome function
They are the site of protein synthesis.
Protein synthesis includes two phases, transcription and translation.
Where are ribosomes within the cell
They float free in the cytoplasm and make the proteins needed within the cell, and others are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
What is translation
Translation is where ribosomes use the information coded in mRNA molecules to assemble the correct order of amino acids in the protein.
What are rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum’s
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a system of membrane bound flattened sacs that fills a large part of the cytoplasm.
What’s is the rough endoplasmic reticulum
The rough ER has ribosomes attached to its outer surface.
Proteins that will be released from the cell or incorporated into the plasma membrane are made on these attached ribosomes and then folded, packaged and transported in the RER to the Golgi apparatus.
What is the smooth ER
The smooth ER doesn’t have attached ribosomes and is responsible for synthesising, storing and transporting lipids and some carbohydrates.
What is the Golgi apparatus
It’s a stack of flattened sacs, known as cisternae (singular cisterna).
Each cisterna is surrounded by a single membrane and filled with fluid.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus
The Golgi modifies proteins that have been transported from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, for example they add carbohydrates to them.
The modifies proteins are then are then packaged for transport by Golgi vesicles that form when the ends of the cisternae are pinched off.
Golgi vesicles
The vesicles can form lysosomes and others are called secretory vesicles, which carry their contents to the plasma membrane where they can be released to the outside of the cell.
In what type of cells would Golgi be found
In most eukaryotic cells
