B13

Question 1

Why are you different to your family members

Answer 1

Nature and nurture

Question 2

What is nature genetic variation

Answer 2

You have a unique set of genes that give you your own set of characteristics

Question 3

What is nurture environment

Answer 3

Environment determine how much your genes are used

Question 4

Example of nurture environment

Answer 4

May have gene to be tall but do not have enough food when you are growing you will not reach full potential of tall genes

Question 5

How can you study differences in genetically identical plants

Answer 5

Put them in different growing conditions

Question 6

Any difference of identical twins is due to

Answer 6

environment ( have same genes)

Question 7

Any difference of non identical twins / same sex sibilings

Answer 7

genes ( experience same environment if together)

Question 8

Genetic studies with humans look at

Answer 8

Identical twins brought up together
“ separately
Non identical twins brought up together
Same sex, non twin siblings brought up together

Question 9

How does survival of the fittest work

Answer 9

organism had mutation so an allele is produced which makes the organism better suited to the environment outcompeting its neighbours, surviving , reproducing and pass on their alleles to their offspring ( which hopefully allow offspring to do the same)

Question 10

How does variation occur in a population

Answer 10

Difference in genes due to meiosis and sexual reproduction

Question 11

What is mutation

Answer 11

Change in DNA code

Question 12

when does Mutations occur

Answer 12

DNA is replicated during cell division
During gamete formation —> phenotype of offspring and introduce new variants into the species

Question 13

3 kinds of change mutation can cause

Answer 13

No change
Drastic change that limits survival
Change enhances survival -> better suited to the environment or environmental change ( RARE)

Question 14

Who formed theory of evolution by natural selection

Answer 14

Charles Darwin

Question 15

What did theory of evolution by natural selection state

Answer 15

All living things evolved from simple life forms that first developed 3 billions years ago

Question 16

How is new species formed

Answer 16

Members of species change enough that they can no longer interbred

Question 17

evolution of oysters

Answer 17

oyster fishermen noticed oysters in their catch
all oyster beds almost empty
few oysters had mutations that made them resistant to the disease (had mutation already - disease did not cause the mutation to occur)
oysters survived and reproduced
oyster beds full again with disease resistant strain of oysters

Question 18

isseus with evolutionary changes

Answer 18

fast or slow depending on length of life cycle

Question 19

selective breeding

Answer 19

procedure used in agriculture to produce offspring that possess the beneficial characteristics of both parents

Question 20

how does selective breeding work

Answer 20

animals or plants with desirable traits selected from a population which are used as breeding stock
farmer/breeder then selects from the offspring of this breeding stock the ones with the most desirable traits and breed these
continues for generations until offspring show desired traits

Question 21

examples of selected traits

Answer 21

disease resistance in crops or garden plants eg TMV resistant rose plant
animals that produce more milk and meat
domestic dogs or farm animals with a gentle nature
plants with large, highly coloured , heavily scented flowers

Question 22

results of selective breeding

Answer 22

fields of wheats with large heavy heads
placi diary cows that produce litres of milk a day
dogs that are gentle enough to be around kids
NOTE: ALL totally different to the ancestors they were bred from

Question 23

issues with selective breeding

Answer 23

reduce the gene pool (number of alleles ) in a population —> reduce variation within a population and variation within alleles —> changing environment eg new disease or climate change means population not able to cope with change and die off eg bananas = clones
problem of inbreeding —> low allele variation —> vulnerability to genetic diseases and to genetic defects

Question 24

what is genetic engineering

Answer 24

involves changing the genetic material of an organism

Question 25

how does genetic engineering work

Answer 25

enzymes are used to find and cut out the desired gene from an organism (insulin gene from human cells)
gene inserted into a vector (viruses or bacterial plasmids )using more enzymes