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Aqa Biology Gcse - Kishon > B13 > Flashcards

B13 Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens during the first stage of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes pairs line up alomg the centre of the cell

The pair of chromosomes are seperated and move to opposite poles of the cell

Chromosome number is halved

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2
Q

What happens during the second stage of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell

Chromatids are seperated and move to opposite poles

Four haploid gametes are produced

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3
Q

What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?

A

Creates genetic variation

Increase chance of a species adapting to its enviroment

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4
Q

What are disadvanatges of sexual reproduction?

A

Two parents are needed

More time and energy is required?

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5
Q

Describe advantages pf asexual reproduction?

A

Onnly needs 1 parent
Quicker than sexual reproduction
Requires less energy and time

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6
Q

What is the disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

A

No genetic variation reducing the chance of a species being able to adapt to enviromental change

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7
Q

Describe the circumstances in which malaria paristes reproduce sexually and asexually?

A

Sexual in the mosquito

Asexually in the human host

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8
Q

Describe the circumstances in which fungi reproduce sexually and asexually?

A

Asexually by spores

Sexually to give variation

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9
Q

Describe the circumstances in which plants reproduce sexually and asexually?

A

Sexually to produce seeds

Asexually by runners

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10
Q

Define genome?

A

The entire genetic material of an organisms

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11
Q

Why is understanding the human genome importanr?

A

Searching for genes linked to different types of disease

Understandinf and tresting inherited disorders

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12
Q

What are the monomers of dna?

A

Nucleotides

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13
Q

What are DNA nucleotides made up of?

A

Common sugar
Phosphate group
One of the 4 bases: A, T, C or G

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14
Q

What is proteinsynthesis?

A

Formation of a protein from a gene

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15
Q

How many chromosomes do human body cells have?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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16
Q

How many chromosomes do human gametes have?

A

23 chromosomes

17
Q

Define gene?

A

A small section of dna that codes a specific function

18
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A random chnage in the base sequence of DNA

19
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

A gene where only one copy is needed for it to be expressed

20
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

A gene where two copies are needed for it to be expressed

21
Q

What is meant by homozygous?

A

When an individual has two identical alleles

22
Q

What is menat by heterozygote ?

A

An individual with different alleles

23
Q

What is the genotype?

A

The genes present for a trait

24
Q

What is the phenotype?

A

The visible characteristics

25
Q

What is an inherited disorder?

A

A disorder caused by the inheritance of certain alleles

26
Q

Give 2 examples of inherited disorders?

A

Polydactyl - (having extra fingers or toes, caused by a dominant allele)

Cystic fibrosis - (disorder of cell membranes, caused by a recessive allele)

27
Q

What are ethical issues concerning embryo screening?

A

Destruction of embryos is unethical and seen as murder
Religious beliefs
It could lead to beliefs in society thag a disabled child is inferior

28
Q

What are social issues concering embryo screening?

A

Social care for children with inherited disorder if parents don’t want to provide care

Parent could decide to terminate the embryo to avoid suffering in the future due to the disorder

29
Q

What are the chromosomes for males?

A

X and Y

30
Q

What are the chromosomes for females?

A

X and X

31
Q

Why are men more likely to show the phenotype for a recessive sex-linked trait then women?

A

Many genes are found on the X chromosome that have no counterpart in the Y chromosome

Women have two alleles for each sex linked gene whereas men often have only one allele, only one recessive allele is required to produce the recessive phenotype in males

Aqa Biology Gcse - Kishon (4 decks)

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