B1.1.1

Question 1

Outline the number of bonds carbon can form with other atoms.

Answer 1

Carbon can form up to 4 covalent bonds, including single, double, and triple bonds. It bonds with other carbon atoms or non-metals like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.

Question 2

Outline the type of bonds carbon can form with other atoms.

Answer 2

These bonds can be single (sharing one pair of electrons), double (sharing two pairs), or even triple bonds (sharing three pairs of electrons).

Question 3

Covalent bonds cause

Answer 3

Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer electron shell, resulting in a more stable structure.

Question 4

Covalent bonds consequence

Answer 4

Release energy, make the molecule closer to an octet (eight valence electrons, outer shell)

Question 5

Recognize common functional groups.

Answer 5

Hydroxyl (-OH), Carboxyl (-COOH), Amino (-NH2), Phosphate (-PO4), Methyl (-CH3), Carbonyl (-C=O), etc

Question 6

List the four major classes of carbon compounds used by living organisms.

Answer 6

Carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, starch)
Proteins (e.g., enzymes, collagen)
Lipids (e.g., fats, phospholipids)
Nucleic Acids (e.g., DNA, RNA)

Question 7

Examples of Molecules:

Answer 7

Branched Chain: Glycogen (in animals), amylopectin (in plants)
Unbranched Chain: Amylose (in plants)
Single Ring: Glucose
Multiple Rings: Cholesterol, Steroids