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Biology: B1 > B1.1 Keeping Healthy > Flashcards

B1.1 Keeping Healthy Flashcards

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1
Q

A healthy diet

A

Contains the right balance of the different foods you need and the right amount of energy

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2
Q

You need carbohydrates to

A

Release energy

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3
Q

You need fats to

A

Keep warm and release energy

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4
Q

You need proteins for

A

Growth, cell repair and cell replacement

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5
Q

You need fibre to

A

Keep everything moving smoothly through the digestive system

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6
Q

Mineral ions and vitamins are needed in

A

Small amounts for healthy functioning of the body

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7
Q

If someones diet is unbalanced they become

A

Malnourished

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8
Q

What can being malnourished lead to?

A

Being underweight/overweight, deficiency diseases, conditions such as Type 2 diabetes

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9
Q

When does someone lose mass?

A

When the energy content of the food taken in is less than the amount of energy expended by the body

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10
Q

What increases the amount of energy expended by the body?

A

Exercise

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11
Q

Metabolic Rate

A

The rate at which all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried out

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12
Q

What affects metabolic rate?

A

The amount of exercise you do and the proportion of muscle to fat in your body. It may also be affected by inherited factors

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13
Q

You need energy for

A

Chemical reactions in the body cells

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14
Q

People with a higher proportion of muscle to fat in their bodies will have a

A

Higher metabolic rate because muscles require more energy than fatty tissue

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15
Q

How does metabolic rate compare between men and women?

A

Men tend to have a higher metabolic rate because they are slightly bigger and have a larger proportion of muscle

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16
Q

People with more active jobs need more

A

Energy

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17
Q

Health problems as a result of obesity include

A

Arthritis, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease

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18
Q

Health problems as a result of eating to little

A

Slow growth, fatigue, poor resistance to infection, irregular periods in women and deficiency diseases such as scurvy

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19
Q

Exercise increases

A

The amount of energy used by the body

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20
Q

Exercise decreases

A

The amount of energy stored as fat

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21
Q

People who exercise regularly are usually

A

Healthier than those who take little exercise

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22
Q

Pathogens are

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious disease

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23
Q

Name the two main types of pathogen

A

Bacteria and Viruses

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24
Q

How do bacteria make us feel ill?

A

By damaging our cells and producing toxins

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25
Q

Bacteria cells reproduce

A

Rapidly inside the body

26
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

They replicate themselves by invading the body cells and producing copies of themselves, the cell will then burst releasing the new viruses

27
Q

How do viruses make us feel ill?

A

The cell damage makes us feel ill

28
Q

What helps to prevent pathogens from entering the body?

A

Skin, hairs and mucus in the respiratory tract

29
Q

Platelets

A

Prevent microorganisms from entering the body through cuts by helping blood clot quickly to seal the wounds

30
Q

What happens if a pathogen enters the body

A

The immune system kicks in

31
Q

How do white blood cells help to defend against pathogens?

A
  1. They ingest/engulf the pathogens
  2. Produce antibodies
  3. Produce antitoxins
32
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins which are produced to kill specific antigens. Antibodies are produced rapidly and carried around the body. If someone is infected by the same pathogen again, the white blood cells will rapidly produce the antibodies to kill it, that person is then immune to that pathogen

33
Q

What do antitoxins do?

A

Counteract toxins produced by the pathogens

34
Q

What did Semmelweis discover?

A

The importance of washing hands to prevent the spreading of infectious disease

35
Q

By insisting doctors washed their hands with an antiseptic solution before examining patients, Semmelweis cut the death rate from

A

12% to 2%

36
Q

Painkillers

A

Help to relieve the symptoms of infectious diseases, but do not kill the pathogens

37
Q

Antibiotics

A

Help to cure bacterial disease by killing infectious bacteria inside the body

38
Q

Antibiotics do not kill

A

Viruses because they reproduce inside the body cells so it id difficult to destroy the virus without destroying the body’s cells

39
Q

Specific bacteria should be treated by

A

Specific antibiotics

40
Q

Give an example of a antibiotic

A

Penicillin

41
Q

Overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics has increased

A

The rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria

42
Q

Mutations in bacteria has led to

A

Resistance to antibiotics as a result of natural selection

43
Q

Populations of resistant strains will

A

Increase due to natural selection

44
Q

Give an example of a resistant strain

A

MRSA. It causes serious wound infections and is resistant to the powerful antibiotic methicillin

45
Q

To prevent further resistance arising

A

It is important to avoid the over-use of antibiotics

46
Q

Antibiotics and Vaccinations may no longer be effective against a new resistant strain of pathogen, this will result in

A

The rapid spreading of the pathogen because people are not immune to it and there is no effective treatment

47
Q

Individual resistant pathogens

A

Survive and reproduce, so the population of the resistant strain increases

48
Q

Now, antibiotics are not used to treat

A

Non-serious infections, so the rate of development of resistant strains is slowed down

49
Q

Antibiotics kill

A

Specific pathogens of the non-resistant strain

50
Q

Antibiotic resistance necessitates the development of

A

New antibiotics

51
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

The introduction of a small quantity of dead or inactive pathogens into the body

52
Q

Vaccines stimulate

A

The white blood cells to produce antibodies that destroy that specific pathogen

53
Q

Vaccinations make people

A

Immune to future infections by the pathogen

54
Q

The MMR vaccination protects children against

A

Measles, Mumps and Rubella

55
Q

Cultures of microorganisms are required for

A

Investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics

56
Q

Petri dishes and culture media must be

A

Sterilised

57
Q

What is used to transfer microorganisms to the media?

A

Inoculating loops

58
Q

Inoculating loops must be

A

Sterilised by passing them through a flame

59
Q

The lid of the petri dish must be

A

Sealed with adhesive tape to prevent other microorganisms contaminating the culture

60
Q

Cultures should be incubated in schools and laboratories at a maximum temperature of

A

25 degrees celsuis

61
Q

Why should cultures be incubated at that specific temperature in schools and laboratories?

A

To reduce the likelihood of growth of pathogens harmful to humans

62
Q

In industrial conditions the temperatures at which the cultures are incubated should be

A

Higher so to produce more rapid growth

Biology: B1 (8 decks)

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