B1.1 Keeping Healthy Flashcards
A healthy diet
Contains the right balance of the different foods you need and the right amount of energy
You need carbohydrates to
Release energy
You need fats to
Keep warm and release energy
You need proteins for
Growth, cell repair and cell replacement
You need fibre to
Keep everything moving smoothly through the digestive system
Mineral ions and vitamins are needed in
Small amounts for healthy functioning of the body
If someones diet is unbalanced they become
Malnourished
What can being malnourished lead to?
Being underweight/overweight, deficiency diseases, conditions such as Type 2 diabetes
When does someone lose mass?
When the energy content of the food taken in is less than the amount of energy expended by the body
What increases the amount of energy expended by the body?
Exercise
Metabolic Rate
The rate at which all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried out
What affects metabolic rate?
The amount of exercise you do and the proportion of muscle to fat in your body. It may also be affected by inherited factors
You need energy for
Chemical reactions in the body cells
People with a higher proportion of muscle to fat in their bodies will have a
Higher metabolic rate because muscles require more energy than fatty tissue
How does metabolic rate compare between men and women?
Men tend to have a higher metabolic rate because they are slightly bigger and have a larger proportion of muscle
People with more active jobs need more
Energy
Health problems as a result of obesity include
Arthritis, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease
Health problems as a result of eating to little
Slow growth, fatigue, poor resistance to infection, irregular periods in women and deficiency diseases such as scurvy
Exercise increases
The amount of energy used by the body
Exercise decreases
The amount of energy stored as fat
People who exercise regularly are usually
Healthier than those who take little exercise
Pathogens are
Microorganisms that cause infectious disease
Name the two main types of pathogen
Bacteria and Viruses
How do bacteria make us feel ill?
By damaging our cells and producing toxins
Bacteria cells reproduce
Rapidly inside the body
How do viruses reproduce?
They replicate themselves by invading the body cells and producing copies of themselves, the cell will then burst releasing the new viruses
How do viruses make us feel ill?
The cell damage makes us feel ill
What helps to prevent pathogens from entering the body?
Skin, hairs and mucus in the respiratory tract
Platelets
Prevent microorganisms from entering the body through cuts by helping blood clot quickly to seal the wounds
What happens if a pathogen enters the body
The immune system kicks in
How do white blood cells help to defend against pathogens?
- They ingest/engulf the pathogens
- Produce antibodies
- Produce antitoxins
What are antibodies?
Proteins which are produced to kill specific antigens. Antibodies are produced rapidly and carried around the body. If someone is infected by the same pathogen again, the white blood cells will rapidly produce the antibodies to kill it, that person is then immune to that pathogen
What do antitoxins do?
Counteract toxins produced by the pathogens
What did Semmelweis discover?
The importance of washing hands to prevent the spreading of infectious disease
By insisting doctors washed their hands with an antiseptic solution before examining patients, Semmelweis cut the death rate from
12% to 2%
Painkillers
Help to relieve the symptoms of infectious diseases, but do not kill the pathogens
Antibiotics
Help to cure bacterial disease by killing infectious bacteria inside the body
Antibiotics do not kill
Viruses because they reproduce inside the body cells so it id difficult to destroy the virus without destroying the body’s cells
Specific bacteria should be treated by
Specific antibiotics
Give an example of a antibiotic
Penicillin
Overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics has increased
The rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria
Mutations in bacteria has led to
Resistance to antibiotics as a result of natural selection
Populations of resistant strains will
Increase due to natural selection
Give an example of a resistant strain
MRSA. It causes serious wound infections and is resistant to the powerful antibiotic methicillin
To prevent further resistance arising
It is important to avoid the over-use of antibiotics
Antibiotics and Vaccinations may no longer be effective against a new resistant strain of pathogen, this will result in
The rapid spreading of the pathogen because people are not immune to it and there is no effective treatment
Individual resistant pathogens
Survive and reproduce, so the population of the resistant strain increases
Now, antibiotics are not used to treat
Non-serious infections, so the rate of development of resistant strains is slowed down
Antibiotics kill
Specific pathogens of the non-resistant strain
Antibiotic resistance necessitates the development of
New antibiotics
What is a vaccination?
The introduction of a small quantity of dead or inactive pathogens into the body
Vaccines stimulate
The white blood cells to produce antibodies that destroy that specific pathogen
Vaccinations make people
Immune to future infections by the pathogen
The MMR vaccination protects children against
Measles, Mumps and Rubella
Cultures of microorganisms are required for
Investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics
Petri dishes and culture media must be
Sterilised
What is used to transfer microorganisms to the media?
Inoculating loops
Inoculating loops must be
Sterilised by passing them through a flame
The lid of the petri dish must be
Sealed with adhesive tape to prevent other microorganisms contaminating the culture
Cultures should be incubated in schools and laboratories at a maximum temperature of
25 degrees celsuis
Why should cultures be incubated at that specific temperature in schools and laboratories?
To reduce the likelihood of growth of pathogens harmful to humans
In industrial conditions the temperatures at which the cultures are incubated should be
Higher so to produce more rapid growth
