B1.1 - Keeping Healthy Flashcards
What does a balanced diet include?
Everything needed to keep the body healthy.
What do carbohydrates, fat and protein do in the body?
Release energy and build cells.
What do mineral ions and vitamins do in the body?
They keep it healthy.
What does it mean to be malnourished?
- Have an unbalanced diet
- Don’t receive everything that they need to keep the body healthy.
What happens if you do more exercise?
- More energy is used by the body.
- Increases the metabolic rate.
What is the metabolic rate?
The rate at which chemical reactions happen in cells.
What else can affect your metabolic rate?
- Proportion of muscle to fat in body
- Inherited factors
Describe the relationship between energy and mass.
If you take in more energy, your mass will increase.
What can happen if you eat too much food?
- You can become overweight and/or obese.
- Leads to long term problems like Type 2 diabetes.
What sort of effects on health can inherited factors cause?
- Metabolic rate
- Cholesterol levels
What benefits does exercising regularly have?
- Increase their metabolic rate
- Lower high cholesterol levels.
What are pathogens?
Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases.
What are most pathogens?
Bacteria or viruses.
What happens when a pathogen enters the body?
- Reproduces rapidly.
- Produces toxins, to make you feel ill.
How do viruses infect the body?
- Reproduce inside cells
- Damage cells, to make you feel ill.
Who was the first doctor to realise that washing hands removes pathogens from them?
Ignaz Semmelweis
Give three ways that pathogens are prevented from attacking the body.
- Mucus.
- Killed by stomach acid.
- Skin
Name 3 ways that white blood cells destroy pathogens.
- Ingest pathogens to digest and destroy them.
- Produce antibodies to destroy particular pathogens.
- Produce antitoxins to counteract the pathogens’ toxins.
Why are antibiotics only able to kill bacteria?
Viruses reproduce inside your body cells.
On what medium can bacteria be grown on?
Agar jelly.
What are the three stages needed for preparing a culture for bacteria?
Pre-inoculation
Inoculation
Post-inoculation
What processes happen in pre-inoculation?
- Petri dish sterilized so that unwanted bacteria is killed.
- Inoculating loop passed through flame so that bacteria is sterilized.
What processes happen in inoculation?
- Loop used to spread bacteria over agar jelly
- Lid of Petri dish opened as little as possible to prevent microbes from entering through air.
What processes happen in post-inoculation?
- Sealed with tape to ensure that microbes don’t enter by air.
- Incubated to allow growth of bacteria.
What do some pathogens spread quickly?
- Viruses mutate into new strains.
- Few people are immune to mutated pathogens.
What is an epidemic?
Diseases that spread within a country.
What is a pandemic?
Diseases that spread across countries.
How are antibiotic-resistant bacteria made? (H)
- Some mutations of pathogens are immune to antibiotics.
- Antibiotics kill non-resistant strain of pathogen.
- Resistant bacteria reproduce to make a whole population of a resistant strain. This is natural selection.
- Antibiotics shouldn’t be used for mild infections to slow down development of resistant strains.
What is a vaccination?
Injection of a dead or inactive pathogen to stimulate the white blood cells.
Give the steps of how a vaccine protects you against dangerous infectious diseases.
- Small amounts of dead or inactive pathogen are put into your body.
- Antigens in vaccine stimulate white blood cells to make antibodies.
- Antibodies destroy antigens (no risk of catching disease).
- Immune to future infections of pathogen.
- Body can respond rapidly and make correct antibody to counter the disease.
What are an advantages and a disadvantage of vaccination?
Advantage - Protect the individual and society from serious diseases which may cause death.
Disadvantage - May cause side effects in a few people.
Why is it necessary to develop new medicines?
Some pathogens are resistant to drugs.
New pathogens arise by mutation.
