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Biology > B1.1 - Keeping Healthy > Flashcards

B1.1 - Keeping Healthy Flashcards

1
Q

What does a balanced diet include?

A

Everything needed to keep the body healthy.

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2
Q

What do carbohydrates, fat and protein do in the body?

A

Release energy and build cells.

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3
Q

What do mineral ions and vitamins do in the body?

A

They keep it healthy.

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4
Q

What does it mean to be malnourished?

A
  • Have an unbalanced diet

- Don’t receive everything that they need to keep the body healthy.

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5
Q

What happens if you do more exercise?

A
  • More energy is used by the body.

- Increases the metabolic rate.

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6
Q

What is the metabolic rate?

A

The rate at which chemical reactions happen in cells.

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7
Q

What else can affect your metabolic rate?

A
  • Proportion of muscle to fat in body

- Inherited factors

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8
Q

Describe the relationship between energy and mass.

A

If you take in more energy, your mass will increase.

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9
Q

What can happen if you eat too much food?

A
  • You can become overweight and/or obese.

- Leads to long term problems like Type 2 diabetes.

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10
Q

What sort of effects on health can inherited factors cause?

A
  • Metabolic rate

- Cholesterol levels

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11
Q

What benefits does exercising regularly have?

A
  • Increase their metabolic rate

- Lower high cholesterol levels.

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12
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious diseases.

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13
Q

What are most pathogens?

A

Bacteria or viruses.

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14
Q

What happens when a pathogen enters the body?

A
  • Reproduces rapidly.

- Produces toxins, to make you feel ill.

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15
Q

How do viruses infect the body?

A
  • Reproduce inside cells

- Damage cells, to make you feel ill.

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16
Q

Who was the first doctor to realise that washing hands removes pathogens from them?

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

17
Q

Give three ways that pathogens are prevented from attacking the body.

A
  • Mucus.
  • Killed by stomach acid.
  • Skin
18
Q

Name 3 ways that white blood cells destroy pathogens.

A
  • Ingest pathogens to digest and destroy them.
  • Produce antibodies to destroy particular pathogens.
  • Produce antitoxins to counteract the pathogens’ toxins.
19
Q

Why are antibiotics only able to kill bacteria?

A

Viruses reproduce inside your body cells.

20
Q

On what medium can bacteria be grown on?

A

Agar jelly.

21
Q

What are the three stages needed for preparing a culture for bacteria?

A

Pre-inoculation
Inoculation
Post-inoculation

22
Q

What processes happen in pre-inoculation?

A
  • Petri dish sterilized so that unwanted bacteria is killed.

- Inoculating loop passed through flame so that bacteria is sterilized.

23
Q

What processes happen in inoculation?

A
  • Loop used to spread bacteria over agar jelly

- Lid of Petri dish opened as little as possible to prevent microbes from entering through air.

24
Q

What processes happen in post-inoculation?

A
  • Sealed with tape to ensure that microbes don’t enter by air.
  • Incubated to allow growth of bacteria.
25
Q

What do some pathogens spread quickly?

A
  • Viruses mutate into new strains.

- Few people are immune to mutated pathogens.

26
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

Diseases that spread within a country.

27
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

Diseases that spread across countries.

28
Q

How are antibiotic-resistant bacteria made? (H)

A
  • Some mutations of pathogens are immune to antibiotics.
  • Antibiotics kill non-resistant strain of pathogen.
  • Resistant bacteria reproduce to make a whole population of a resistant strain. This is natural selection.
  • Antibiotics shouldn’t be used for mild infections to slow down development of resistant strains.
29
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

Injection of a dead or inactive pathogen to stimulate the white blood cells.

30
Q

Give the steps of how a vaccine protects you against dangerous infectious diseases.

A
  • Small amounts of dead or inactive pathogen are put into your body.
  • Antigens in vaccine stimulate white blood cells to make antibodies.
  • Antibodies destroy antigens (no risk of catching disease).
  • Immune to future infections of pathogen.
  • Body can respond rapidly and make correct antibody to counter the disease.
31
Q

What are an advantages and a disadvantage of vaccination?

A

Advantage - Protect the individual and society from serious diseases which may cause death.
Disadvantage - May cause side effects in a few people.

32
Q

Why is it necessary to develop new medicines?

A

Some pathogens are resistant to drugs.

New pathogens arise by mutation.

Biology (7 decks)

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