B11: Hormonal Coordination Flashcards
How does the endocrine system work?
Glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The blood carries the hormone to the target organ. The target organ has receptors on the cell membranes that pick up the hormone molecules and trigger a response.
What are 2 hormones that give a rapid response?
Insulin and adrenaline.
What does insulin do?
Controls your blood glucose
What does adrenaline do?
It prepares your body for flight or fight.
What 2 types of hormones are slow-acting but long-term?
Sex and growth hormones
What do hormones provide?
chemical coordination and control for the body.
What does the pituitary gland act as?
A master gland
What does ADH do?
It affects the amount of urine produced by the kidney.
What does the pituitary gland do?
It secretes a variety of different hormones into the bloodstream in response to changes in body conditions.
What does FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) do?
Stimulates the ovaries to make the female sex hormone oestrogen
What does TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) do?
Stimulates the thyroid gland to make thyroxine, a hormone that helps control the rate of your metabolism.
What does the pancreas constantly do?
Monitors and controls your blood glucose concentration
How does insulin control blood glucose?
- allows glucose to move from the blood into your cells
-soluble glucose is converted into glycogen.
-controls storage of glycogen in your liver and muscles.
What would happen if you regularly take in food that results in you having more glucose than the liver and muscles can store as glycogen?
You will store more of it as lipids and you will eventually become obese
When is glucagon secreted?
When your blood glucose concentration falls below the ideal range.
What does glucagon do?
Make your liver break down glycogen and convert it back into glucose.
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?
When your pancreas does not make enough (or any) insulin, meaning your blood glucose concentration isn’t controlled.
What might people with type 1 diabetes experience?
Feeling thirsty all the time, lacing energy and feeling tired, losing weight
What category of people usually develop type 1 diabetes?
Young children and teenagers
True or false? There seems to be a genetic element to the development of type 1 diabetes.
True!!!
What is type 2 diabetes often linked to?
Obesity, lack of exercise or both.
Type 2 diabetes is more common as people get o——-.
Older
True or false? Is there a strong genetic tendency to develop type 2 diabetes.
True
What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?
The pancreas still makes muslin but it makes less tan your body needs. And your body cells stop responding properly to insulin you make.
How is type 1 diabetes treated?
Replacement insulin via an injection.
How is replacement insulin usually given?
As an injection
What happens when you get injected with insulin?
Insulin gets taken into your cells, and converted to glycogen in the liver.
What two things do type 1 diabetes patients have to be careful of regulating?
The amount of carbohydrates they eat and the amount of exercise they have.
Do insulin injections cure diabetes?
No, they treat it.
What are the positives and negatives of a pancreas transplant?
Positives: would give the patient a functioning pancreas and would erase the need for insulin injections.
Negatives: operations are difficult and risky and the patient would exchange insulin for immunosuppressants.
How can type 1 diabetes be cured?
Pancreas transplant or transplanting pancreatic cells
What is type 2 diabetes linked to?
Obesity, lack of exercise and old age.
How can people restore their normal blood glucose levels? (Type 2)
-eating a balances diet with carefully controlled amounts of carbohydrates
-losing weight
-doing regular exercise.
What can drugs do if you have type 2 diabetes?
-help insulin work better on the body cells
-help your pancreas are more insulin
-reduce the amount of glucose you absorb from your gut.
What do negative feedback systems do?
Maintain a steady state.
What does the thyroid gland use to produce thyroxine?
Iodine from your diet
What does thyroxine control?
How quickly substances are broken down, how much oxygen your tissues use and how the brain of a growing child develops
What does adrenaline cause?
-Your heart rate and breathing rate to increase
-stored glycogen to be converted to glucose
-pupils in the eye to dilate and let more light in
-your mental awareness to increase
-blood to be diverted to the big muscles of the limbs
What dies adrenaline prepare your body for?
Fight or flight
Wa are primary sexual characteristics?
The ones you are born with
What is the main female reproductive hormone?
Oestrogen
What do rising oestrogen levels do?
Trigger the development of secondary sexual characteristics
What changes are involved in secondary sexual characteristics?
Growth spurt, air growth under the arms, pubic hair, breast development, genitals grow externally, fat is deposited on the hips, buttocks and thighs, the brain changes and matures, eggs mature every month in the ovaries and menstruation begins.
Wha are the three hormones involved in controlling the menstrual cycle?
-Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes eggs to mature.
-Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulates the release of an egg
-Oestrogen and progesterone stimulate the build-up of the uterus lining
What happens as a woman approaches the menopause?
A woman is less fertile and has a higher risk of having a baby with genetic problems
What is the male reproductive hormone?
Testosterone
What changes happen as boys go into puberty?
Growth spurt, pubic air, underarm hair, facial hair, larynx grows, voice breaks, testes grow and become active, shoulders and chest broaden and brain matures.
What is the average length of the menstrual cycle?
28 days
The ———- produced by the pituitary gland and the ovary act together to…..?
Control what happens in the menstrual cycle
How does the pill work?
It contains low doses of oestrogen and progesterone to inhibit the production and release of FSH so no eggs mature. It also stops the uterus lining from developing.
What are the side effects of the pill?
Raised blood pressure, thrombosis and breast cancer.
Why do women need to take the pill very regularly?
If they don’t, the body’s hormones will take over and eggs would mature and it can result in an unexpected pregnancy.
How long can a contraceptive implant last?
Up to three years
How does the implant work?
A tiny tube is inserted under the skin and it slowly releases progesterone.
How much % is the implant effective?
99.95%
How long do contraceptive injections last?
12 weeks
How does the contraceptive patch work?
It contains a mixture of oestrogen and progesterone, you stick it on your skin and replace it every seven days.
What are spermicides?
Chemicals that kill or disable sperm
What is a condom?
It is a thin latex sheet that collects semen during intercourse and prevents the sperm and the egg from meeting
What is a diaphragm? (Contraceptive)
A thin rubber diaphragm placed over the cervix to prevent the entry of sperm. Has to be fitted by a a doctor.
What is an intrauterine device?
A small structure inserted in the uterus, lasts for 3-5 years. Some prevent any early embryos and some contain progesterone
What are surgical methods of contraception?
Sterilisation.
In men: sperm ducts are cut and tied (vasectomy).
In women: oviducts are cut or tied.
What are some reasons fr infertility?
Lack of female hormones, damaged oviducts or lack of sperm in the semen.
What ares some common causes of infertility?
Obesity, eating disorders and age
How is women’s infertility treated with drugs?
Artificial forms of LH can trigger ovulation and artificial LSH can stimulate eggs in the ovary to mature.
Wha dos IVF stand for?
In vitro fertilisation
In what scenario is IVF appropriate?
When the oviducts have been damaged or blocked by infection.
Name all the steps of IVF. (Possible 6 marker)
- Give the mother synthetic FSH to stimulate the maturation of multiple eggs.
2.Give the mother LH to bring the eggs to the point of ovulation. - Collection of the eggs from the ovary and fertilise them with the sperm of the father in a lab.
- When they’re balls of cells, up to 2 embryos are inserted back into M’s uterus.
They bypass the tubes.
Wha are the disadvantages of fertility treatments?
-expensive for NHS and for the people (IVF)
-it isn’t always successful (IVF)
-health risks (drugs)
-emotionally and physically stressful (IVF)
-can have multiple pregnancies (IVF, 1 in 5)
What is a tropism?
The responses of plant roots and shoots to gravity
What is a phototropism?
The response of a plant to light
What is a gravitropism?
The response of a plant to gravity
What does auxin do?
Control the responses of a plant to light and gravity
Why do plants bend towards the light?
The shoot will bend towards the light.
Auxin moves from the sunny side to the shadowed side.
The cells on the shadowed side respond by growing more as the shoot bends towards the light.
Wha does rooting powder do?
It greatly increases the chances of success when helping cuttings grow into a new plant.
How can auxin be used as a weed killer?
If you spray auxin on weeds, it sends them into rapid, uncontrolled growth and kills them
Why are auxin chemicals known as selective herbicides?
Because they affect one type of plant and not another.
Wha are 3 uses of gibberellins?
1.used in brewing to end seed dormancy and speed up germination.
2.promote flowering through the year
3. Increase the size of fruit
How is ethene used?
Controls the ripening of fruit.
