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Biology > B11 - Hormonal Coordination > Flashcards

B11 - Hormonal Coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

D. Endocrine system?

A

the glands that produce the hormones that control many aspects of the development and metabolism of the body, and the hormones they produce

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2
Q

D. Hormones?

A

chemicals produced in one area of the body of an organism that have an effect on the function of another area of the body. In animals hormones are produced in glands

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3
Q

How do hormones reach target organs?

A

carried by the blood - target organs have receptors on cell membranes that pick up hormone and trigger a response in the cell

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4
Q

Examples of fast-acting hormones?

A

insulin and adrenaline

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5
Q

Examples of slow-acting hormones?

A

growth hormones, sex hormones

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6
Q

Insulin?

A

hormone involved in controlling blood sugar levels

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7
Q

3 Hormones produced by pituitary gland?

A

ADH, FSH, TSH (stimulates thyroid to make thyroxine which controls rate of metabolism)

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8
Q

Function of FSH?

A

stimulates ovaries to make oestrogen

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9
Q

Main endocrine glands in the body? (6)

A 
pituitary
thyroid
ovaries
testes
adrenal
pancreas
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10
Q

Compared to the nervous system, the effects of hormones are….

A

slower but longer lasting

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11
Q

Glucose is converted to…

A

insoluble carbohydrate glycogen

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12
Q

Glycogen can be converted…

A

back to glucose if needed

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13
Q

What hormone is secreted when blood sugar levels fall below ideal range?

A

glucagon

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14
Q

Affect of glucagon on the body?

A

makes liver break down glycogen and converts it back to glucose

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15
Q

Type 1 diabetes?

A

pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin

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16
Q

Type 1 diabetes explained?

A

not enough insulin = no glucose being taken into cells = no energy/fatigue = fat and protein broken down to use as glucose = loose weight

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17
Q

Type 2 diabetes?

A

body stops responding to insulin, may also not be making enough insulin

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18
Q

Glucagon interacts with insulin in a ………. system

A

negative feedback

19
Q

Treatment of type 1 diabetes? (3)

A
  • insulin injections
  • pancreas transplants (not common)
  • scientists think that using embryonic stem cells would be the best solution - ethical problems
20
Q

Treatment of type 2 diabetes?

A
  • carb-controlled diet
  • loosing weight
  • exercise
  • drugs may be needed if this doesn’t work
21
Q

Negative feedback systems work to…

A

maintain a steady state

22
Q

Thyroxine from thyroid stimulates…

A

basal metabolic rate - important in growth and development

23
Q

Affects of adrenaline on the body? (6)

A
  • increases heart rate
  • boosts delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles
  • mental awareness increases
  • blood diverted away from digestive system to big muscles in limbs
  • stored glycogen in liver converted to glucose for respiration
  • pupils dilate to let more light in
24
Q

Adrenaline is not controlled by….

A

negative feedback

25
Q

Main female hormone?

A

oestrogen

26
Q

ovulation?

A

egg is released every 28 days

27
Q

Main male reproductive hormone?

A

testosterone

28
Q

Function of FSH?

A
  • causes eggs to mature

- stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen

29
Q

Function of LH?

A

triggers ovulation

30
Q

Function of Oestrogen

A
  • causes uterus lining to develop
  • inhibits release of FSH
  • stimulates release of LH
31
Q

Function of Progesterone?

A
  • maintains uterus lining

- inhibits release of FSH and LH

32
Q

What day in menstrual cycle does ovulation happen?

A

14

33
Q

Ways of fertility control?

A

hormonal and non-hormonal

34
Q

Contraceptive methods? (6)

A
  • oral contraceptives
  • hormonal injections
  • implants and patches
  • barrier methods
  • surgical sterilisation
  • intrauterine devices
35
Q

D. Contraception?

A

prevention of pregnancy

36
Q

What hormones can be used as fertility drugs to stimulate ovulation in women with low FSH levels?

A

FSH and LH

37
Q

Stages of IVF?

A
  • FSH and LH are used to stimulate the maturation of the ova
  • ova collected
  • fertilised
  • allowed to start developing
  • implanted into uterus
38
Q

Disadvantages of IVF?

A
  • expensive
  • stressful - emotionally, physically
  • often unsuccessful;
  • risky
39
Q

Where is FSH released from?

A

pituitary

40
Q

Where is oestrogen released from?

A

ovaries

41
Q

Where is LH released from?

A

pituitary

42
Q

Where is progesterone released from?

A

the empty follicle after ovulation

43
Q

Order of hormone release in menstrual cycle?

A

FSH, oestrogen, LH, progesterone

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