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biology > B1.1 - carbohydrates and lipids > Flashcards

B1.1 - carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

amphipathic

A

a molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

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2
Q

antigen

A

a molecule that can trigger an immune response

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3
Q

conjugated molecule

A

a molecule made of more than one category of a molecule bonded together

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4
Q

endotherm

A

an organism that maintains its body at a close to optimum temperature through heat released by internal bodily reactions

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5
Q

gonad

A

a gland that produces both the gametes and sex hormones for an organism

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6
Q

hormone

A

a chemical messenger that is secreted from a gland into the bloodstream and moves around the entire body, binding to receptors on target cells to cause a response

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7
Q

organic

A

a molecule containing C-H or C-C bonds

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8
Q

tissue fluid

A

the fluid in between cells

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9
Q

what are the properties of carbon?

A
  • basis of life due to bonding properties as it can form 4 single bonds with other carbon atoms or non-metallic compounds (H, O, N, P) in a covalent bond
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10
Q

why is there great diversity of organic compounds?

A

categories - most molecules in living organisms are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins or nucleic acids
structures - can be branched or unbranched, single or multiple rings

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11
Q

condensation reaction

A

bond is formed between monomers and water is released (occurs between 2 hydroxyl groups)
- making larger molecules from smaller molecules

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12
Q

what are examples of condensation reactions?

A
  • polypeptides formed from peptides
  • nucleic acid formed from nucleotides
  • polysaccharides formed from monosaccharides forming disaccharides
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13
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

digestion of polymers to monomers through the addition of water molecules
- breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules

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14
Q

monosaccharides

A

monomer form of carbohydrates with a simplified formula of CH2O (similar number of C and O atoms)

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15
Q

pentose monosaccharide

A

5 C and 5 O - ribose
5 C and 5 O - deoxyribose

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16
Q

hexose monosaccharides

A

6 C and 6 O atom - alpha D glucose
6 C and 6 O atoms - alpha B glucose (OH and H on carbon 1 are flipped)
6 C and 5 O - fructose

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17
Q

what are the properties of glucose?

A
  • polar molecule as it has 5 OH groups each with a polar bond = dissolves in polar solvents (water)
  • high transportability and very soluble in water = transported in blood plasma and tissue fluid
  • chemically stable - covalent bonds that don’t readily break
  • high energy yield = releases lots of energy when covalent bonds are broken in oxidation reactions
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18
Q

polysaccharides

A

glucose monomers linked in chains through condensation reactions

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19
Q

what are the two forms of starch?

A
  • amylose
  • amylopection
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20
Q

what are the properties of amylose?

A
  • unbranched polymer
  • helical structure
  • alpha-glucose with 1,4 glycosidic linkages
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21
Q

what are the properties of amylopection?

A
  • branched polymer
  • alpha-glucose linked with 1,4 glycosidic linakges with branches linked with 1,6 glycosidic linkages
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22
Q

what are the properties of glycogen?

A
  • found in animals
  • branched polymer of alpha-glucose with 1,4 glycosidic linakges with branches linked with 1,6 glycosidic linkages
  • more frequent branching than amylopection
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23
Q

how is the structure of polysaccharide linked to its function?

A
  • large molecular size = not readily soluble in water, so can be easily stored and doesn’t affect osmotic balance of the tissue
  • accessibility of alpha-glucose momoners = allows easy addition or removal by condensation or hydrolysis to build or mobilise energy stores
24
Q

why is starch and glucose compact?

A

due to coiling and branching during polymerisation

25
Q

what is the relationship between speed of building energy stores and branching?

A

the more highly branched the glycogen is, the more quickly it can build or mobilise energy stores

26
Q

cellulose

A

unbranched polymer of beta-glucose found in cell walls of plants

27
Q

what must be done to allow polymerisation of beta glucose?

A

alternate glucose molecules must be placed upside down so that the C1 group is on the same plane as the C4 group, allowing 1,4 glycosidic bonds to be formed by condensation reactions

28
Q

what is the effect of alternating beta-glucose monomers?

A
  • straight chains are formed (unlike helical structure of amylose)
29
Q

microfibrils

A

straight chains of beta-glucose that can be grouped into bundles

30
Q

what are the properties of microfibrils?

A

high tensile strength due to hydrogen bonds occuring between straight chains, preventing cellulose from stretching, providing support and allowing turgidity

31
Q

glycoproteins

A

conjugated molecule of a carbohydrate and a protein

32
Q

what are the 3 roles of glycoproteins?

A
  1. cell-to-cell communication
  2. cell-to-cell adhesion
  3. recognition of the self or non-self for immune system functions
33
Q

what glycoproteins can red blood cells have?

A

A and B antigens

34
Q

how is a person’s immune system triggered?

A

by antigens not found in own red blood cells

35
Q

AB blood type

A

universal recipients - will not respond to either antigen

36
Q

O blood type

A

universal doner - can give blood to type ABO blood types, but can only receive from a person with type O

37
Q

A or B blood type

A

can only respond to the blood type they have and would have an immune response if they received the other blood type

38
Q

what are the hydrophobic properties of lipids?

A
  • non-polar substances that dissolve in non-polar solvents
  • contain regions of hydrocarbons
39
Q

what are examples of lipids?

A

fats, oils, waxes and steroids

40
Q

how can lipids be identified?

A

low proportion of O to C atoms as they have areas of hydrocarbons (C-H bons)

41
Q

what are the states and components of different types of lipds?

A

fats - solid
oils - liquid
fats and oils - glycerol and multiple fatty acids (3)
waxes - one fatty acid attached to a long alcohol molecule

42
Q

glycerol

A

3 C molecule each bonded to a hydroxyl group which can be involved in a condensation reaction to form a covalent bond

43
Q

triglycerides

A

one glycerol molecule linked with 3 fatty acid molecules via the carboxyl group

44
Q

phospholipids

A

one glycerol molecule with 2 fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group
- important for forming cell membranes

45
Q

what are the properties of saturated fatty acids?

A
  • no double carbon bond
  • high melting point
  • solid at room temperature
  • consumption is correlated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease
  • used by endotherms to store excess energy
46
Q

what are the properties of monosaturated fatty acids?

A
  • have one double carbon bond
  • lower melting point
  • liquid at room temperature
47
Q

what are the properties of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A
  • have more than one double carbon bond
  • lower melting point
  • oil at room temperature
  • plants store energy in this form
48
Q

what are the properties of cis unsaturated fatty acids?

A

two H atoms on either side of the double carbon bond are on the same side of the fatty acid molecule

49
Q

what are the properties of trans unsaturated fatty acids?

A

the two H bonds on either side of the double carbon bond are on opposite sides of the fatty acid molecule
- higher melting point
- risk of coronary heart disease

50
Q

what are the properties of triglycerides that make them suitable long-term energy stores?

A
  • lipids release twice more energy per gram
  • when energy intake is exceeded, condensation reactions form more triglyceride molecules
  • when sufficient food is not available, hydrolysis occurs to release glycerol and fatty acids to be used in respiration
51
Q

what are the properties of triglycerides that make them suitable insulators?

A

seals, whales and walruses (endotherms) have a thick layer of fat (blubber) between their skin and muscles to trap heat generated by metabolic reactions inside the animal

52
Q

why are phospholipid bilayers formed?

A

formed in water or aqueous solutions due to the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of amphipathic molecules
- hydrophobic fatty acid tails aren’t attracted to warer so face inwards
- hydrophilic phosphate heads are attracted to water and face outwards

53
Q

steroids

A

group of hormones made from cholesterol (a lipid)

54
Q

what are the properties of steroids

A

sub category of lipids identified by having a low proportion of O to C
- have a ring structure made out of 3x 6 C rings and 1x 5 C ring

55
Q

what are examples of steroids?

A

oestradiol - strongest naturally occuring oestrogen hormone, important for female reproductive development
testosterone - hormone important for male reproductive development
- both produced in the gonad

56
Q

what is the solubility like for steroids?

A

soluble in a lipid bilayer of cells due to the non-polar, hydrophobic steroid molecule interacting with the hydrophobic core of the bilayer, allowing them to pass through the plasma and nuclear membrane by simple diffusion

57
Q

what happens when steroids are in the nucleus?

A

hormones impact transcription, affecting the mRNA molecules being produced and therefore gene expression

biology (28 decks)

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