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GCSE Bioligy > B11 > Flashcards

B11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A hormone is a chemical substance that helps to regulate processes in your body

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2
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Controls your blood glucose

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3
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Prepares your body for fight or flight

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4
Q

Where does blood carry hormones to?

A

The blood carries the hormones (insulin) to target organs (liver) where it produces an effect

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5
Q

How quick do hormones act?

A

Hormones can act very rapidly, but compared to the nervous system, the effects are slower, but longer lasting

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6
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones to regulate: Metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproductive, sleep

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7
Q

What hormones do the adrenal gland produce and what is the target organ and the role/effect of the hormone?

A

Adrenal gland produces adrenaline and the target organ for this is vital organs e.g. liver and heart. The effect of this is that it it prepares your body for fight or flight

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8
Q

What hormones do the ovary glands produce and what are the target organs and what are the role/effect of them?

A

The ovary gland produces the oestrogen hormone and it targets the ovaries, uterus, pituary gland. The effect of oestrogen is that it controls puberty and the menstrual cycle in females; stimulates prodution of LH and supresses the production of FSH in the pituary gland

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9
Q

What is the other hormone that the ovary produces and what does it do?

A

The ovary also produces progesterone that targets the uterus and the effect of it is that it maintains the lining of the womb - supresses FSH production in the pituary gland

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10
Q

What is glucose’s function?

A

Glucose is used in respiration in cells to carry out many functions

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11
Q

Why is it important that the correct amount of glucose is in the blood?

A

Because if there was too much of it, water would leave cells by osmosis
And if there was too little of it, there would not be enough for respiration ( energy not released )

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12
Q

What hormone is added when the blood glucose level is too high?

A

Insulin is added by the Pancreas

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13
Q

What hormone is added when the glucose blood level is too low?

A

Glucagon is added by the pancreas

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14
Q

What happens when your blood glucose level is too high?

A

-Blood comes in with too much glucose
-Insulin is given out by the pancreas
-Glucose moves from blood into liver and muscle cells
-Insulin makes liver turn glucose into glycogen
-Glucose is either stored in the liver as glycogen or used for respiration by the cells when the insulin opens up the gates for the glucose to go into the cells to be then used by the body in respiration
-After all that the blood glucose level gets reduced
-If there is not enough room in the liver for the glucose turns into fat stored in the body

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15
Q

What happens when your blood glucose levels are too low?

A

-Blood comes in with too little glucose
-Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas
-Glucagon makes liver turn glycogen into glucose
-Glucose released into blood by liver
-Then your blood glucose levels are increased

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16
Q

How is glucose added to the blood?

A

When you eat carbohydrates, the small intestine absorbs the glucose from the carbohydrates into the blood

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17
Q

What detects the sugar level in the blood?

A

Pancreas

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18
Q

Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in what organ?

A

Liver

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19
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Type 1 diabetes is a disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin. It is characterised by uncontrolled high blood glucose levels.

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20
Q

How do you treat Type 1 diabetes?

A

It is normally treated with insulin injections to make sure that glucose is removed from the blood quickly once the food has been digested and regular exercise.

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21
Q

What is Type 2 diabetes?

A

In Type 2 diabetes the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas. Obesity is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes

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22
Q

What is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?

A

Obesity

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23
Q

What can help treat Type 2 diabetes?

A

A carbohydrate controlled diet and an exercise regime are common treatments

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24
Q

What does a negative feedback loop do for your body?

A

It helps maintain a steady state in your body

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25
Q

What is Thyroxine?

A

Thyroxine (made from iodine in your diet) from the thyroid gland stimulates the basal metabolic rate. It plays an important role in growth and development.

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26
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal glands in times of fear and stress.

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27
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

It increases your heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles. This prepares the bidy for fight or flight

28
Q

What happens to after the danger is gone?

A

The levels go back to normal

29
Q

How does the thyroid gland produce the hormone thyroxide?

A

It uses iodine from your diet to produce thyroxide.

30
Q

During puberty, the reproductive hormones do what?

A

They control the development of the secondary sexual characteristics

31
Q

What does testosterone cause? (Secondary characteristics)

A
  • Growth spurt
  • Pubic hair
  • Shoulders widen
  • Chest gets more muscular
  • Facial hair
  • Voice box gets bigger ( larynx )
  • Testes get bigger
32
Q

What does Oestrogen cause? (Secondary Characteristics)

A
  • Growth spurt
  • Growth of hair under armpits
  • Pubic hair
  • Breasts develop
  • Hips widen
  • Periods start
33
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

-Each month an egg is released by an ovary (ovulation). The uterus wall thickens, in anticipation of a fertilised egg.
-If the egg is not fertilised, the uterus lining and the egg are shed. This is called menstruation.

34
Q

What does FSH do?

A

It is produced in the Pituitary gland and it causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries, in a structure called follicle. It stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen.

35
Q

What does LH do? And what is it produced by?

A

It is produced by the pituitary gland and it stimulates the release of an egg at day 14 ( ovulation )

36
Q

What does Oestrogen do?

A

It is produced in the Ovaries and it causes the lining of the utereus go grow. It also stimulates the release of LH and inhibits release of FSH

37
Q

What does Progesterone do?

A

It is produced in the ovaries by the remains of the follicle after ovulation and it maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle. When the level of progesterone falls, the lining breaks down. It also inhibits the release of LH and FSH

38
Q

Explain the whole menstrual cycle

A
  • Day 1- the menstruation starts. The uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days
  • The uterus lining builds up again, from day 4 to day 14, into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels, ready to recieve a fertilised egg
  • An egg develops and is released from the ovary at day 14 - this is called ovulation
  • The wall is then maintained for about 14 days until day 28. If no fertilised egg has landed on the uterus wall by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down and the whole cycle starts again.
39
Q

What are the primary sexual characteristics?

A

The ones you are born with so - male=testes and female=ovaries

40
Q

How does the Oral concraceptive method work and what are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

It contains oestrogen and progesterone to inhibit FSH.
Advantages : it’s 99% effective
Disadvantages : must remember to take everyday, no STD protection, side effects like high blood pressure

41
Q

How do the injection/implant/patch work and what are the A and D?

A

It contains oestrogen and progesterone to inhibit FSH.
Advantages : you don’t have to remember to take it
Disadvantages : no STD protection, some sode effects

42
Q

How does the barrier method work and what are the A and D?

A

It prevents the sperm from reaching the egg
Advantages: no side effects, std protection
Disadvantages: can let sperm through if used incorrectly

43
Q

How does the IUD work and what are the A and D?

A

Contain progesterone to prevent FSH production. Some have a copper coil to stop the embryo implanting.
Advantages: lasts for 3-5 years, very effective
Disadvantages: can cause discomfort and infections

44
Q

How does spermicide work and what are the A and D?

A

It kills sperm
Advantages: it’s readily available
Disadvantages: not very effective

45
Q

How does abstaining work and what are the advantages and disadvantages?

A

It works by not having sex, or not having sex during the time of ovulation
Advantages: no side effects
Disadvantages: very unreliable

46
Q

How does the sterilisation method work and what are the A and D?

A

Cuts sperm ducts or oviducts
Advantages: permanent contraception
Disadvantages: women need a general anaesthetic for the surgery

47
Q

What are the reasons for infertility treatments?

A

-Problems with male/female reproductive systems
-Obesity
-Eating disorder
-Age

48
Q

What is lack of ovulation? (Infertility)

A

Some women do not make enough FSH to stimulate the maturation of eggs in their ovaries.

Artificial FSH can be given as a fertility drug, which also stimulates ostrogen production.

Artificial LH can also be given to trigger ovulation.

Women who suffer from a lack of FSH can be treated in this way and go on to have children
naturally.

49
Q

What is IVF ( in vitro fertilisation )?

A

It is where eggs from a woman are artificially fertislised in a lab using the mans sperm and then it gets placed back into the woman after the egg has grown a bit.

50
Q

What hormone does the pancreas produce and what are the target organs for this hormone and does the hormone do?

A

The pancreas produces insulin and insulin targets the liver and it controls blood and sugar levels

51
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland produce, what are the target organs of these hormones and what are the effect of these hormones?

A

The Pituitary gland produces:
-ADH targets the kidney and it controls blood water level by triggering uptake of water in kidneys.

-FSH targets the ovaries and it Triggers egg ripening and oestrogen production in ovaries.

-LH targets the ovaries and it Triggers egg release and progesterone production in ovaries.

52
Q

What hormone do the testes produce, what organ does the hormone target and what is the effect of this hormone?

A

The testes produce Testosterone and it targets the male reproductive organs and it conteols puberty in males

53
Q

What is tropism?

A

A tropism is a growth movement of a part of a plant in response to a stimulus.

54
Q

What is a plants response to light called?

A

Phototropism

55
Q

What is a plants response to gravity called?

A

Geotropism

56
Q

What is a plants response to water called?

A

Hydrotropism

57
Q

How do shoots and roots respond differently?

A

• Shoots grow towards light and against the force of gravity
• Roots grow towards moisture and in the direction of the force of gravity.
• These responses are controlled by a hormone called AUXIN

58
Q

What is auxin? Whats its function? What happens to the auxins when sun shines onto one side of a plant

A

-Auxin is a plant growth hormone that controls growth near the tips of shoots and roots

-It controls growth of a plant in response to light (phototropism) and gravity (gravitropism or geotropism)

-When the sun shines on one side of the plant the auxins shift to one side ( the one without sunlight) causing the one side to grow more which causes cell elongation

59
Q

How is cell elongation caused?

A

Unequal distribution of auxin results in cell elongation

60
Q

Where is auxin produced?

A

Auxin is produced in the tips of roots

61
Q

Where do shoots grow towards?

A

Shoots grow towards light

62
Q

Where do shoots grow away from and where do roots grow towards? What happens when a shoot and root grow sideways?

A

Shoots grow away from gravity and roots grow towards gravity

When a shoot is growing sideways, gravity produces an unequal distribution of auxin on the lower side, this causes the lower side to grow faster, bending the shoot upwards

A ROOT growing sideways will also have auxins on the lower side but in a root the extra auxin inhibits growth. This means the cells on top elongate faster, and the roots bends downwards (because of gravity making the root go down)

63
Q

What does auxin do in the root and shoot?

A

In the root auxin inhibits growth and in a shoot it promotes growth

64
Q

How do you carry out the Investigating Plant Growth Responses practical? RP

A

You can investigate the effect of light on the growth of cress seeds like this:

-Put 10 cress seeds into 3 different Petri dishes, each lined with moist filter paper (label dishes)

-Shine a light onto one of the dishes from above and 2 of the dishes from different directions

-Leave your little cress seeds alone for one week until you can observe their responses - they will grow towards the light

-Control variables - number of seeds, type of seed, temp, water, light intensity

65
Q

What are the uses of auxin?

A

Killing weeds
Growing cuttings with rooting powder
Growing cells in tissue culture

66
Q

What does gibberellin do?

A

It helps plants to germinate at the same time

It helps plants to flower without any change in their environment

It helps fruits to grow bigger

67
Q

What does ethene do?

A

Ethene is a gas that is produced by aging parts of a plant and it stimulates enzymes that cause the fruit to ripen. This means fruits can be picked even when they are un-ripe and ethene is added in transport to make the fruit perfect when it gets put in the shop

GCSE Bioligy (17 decks)

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