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Biology 🧬 > B10 The Nervous System > Flashcards

B10 The Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of constant internal environment in order to maintain optimal conditions for enzyme and cellular functions

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2
Q

The conditions maintained by homeostasis in the body

A

Blood glucose concentration
Water levels
Body temperature

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3
Q

What 2 types of responses are used in body control system?

A

Nervous and Chemical responses

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4
Q

What 3 components do all control systems have

A

Receptors
Coordination centre
Effector

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5
Q

What is the function of a receptor?

A

Detect changes in the environments (stimuli)

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6
Q

What is the function of a coordination centre?

A

obtain and process information from the receptors

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7
Q

What is the function of an effector?

A

Bring about responses to stimuli

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8
Q

What is the function of the Nervous System?

A

Allow body to react to surroundings and coordinate an appropriate response

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9
Q

How does a stimulus lead to a response being carried out by the body?

A

Stimulus is converted into a electrical impulse by the receptors
Electrical impulse passes along sensory neurone to the central nervous system
The CNS coordinates an appropriate response and an electrical impulse is sent along motor neurone to the effector which carries out the response

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10
Q

What sequence of events describes how the nervous system works?

A

Stimulus —–> Receptor —–> Coordinator —–> Effector —–> Response

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11
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

Automatic and rapid response which does not involve any conscious input from the brain

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12
Q

Why are reflex actions important?

A

Aid survival by preventing harm from the body

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13
Q

Describe how a reflex action occurs via a reflex arc

A

Stimulus is detected by a receptor
An electrical impulse passes along a sensory neurone to the spinal cord
At the synapse between a sensory neurone and a relay neurone a chemical diffuses across the gap and stimulates a new impulse which passes along the relay neurone
The same process occurs at the synapse between a relay neurone and a motor neurone
At the effector an appropriate response is carried out

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14
Q

What is the difference between a reflex pathway and a conscious pathway?

A

Within a reflex pathway the coordination centre is a relay nueron found in the spinal cord/unconscious parts of the brail. In a conscious pathway, the coordination centre is in the conscious part of the brain

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15
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

Controls consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

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16
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Controls muscular coordination

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17
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A

Controls unconscious activiets eg. breathing , heart rate

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18
Q

Why is the investigation and treatment of the brain difficult?

A

The brain is a complex and delicate organ
The brain is easily damages and destroyed
Certain membrane prevent drugs from reaching the brain
The exact function of each part of the brain is not known

19
Q

What methods are used by scientist to determine brain function?

A

Studying patients with brain damage
Electrical stimulation of the brain
MRI scans

20
Q

What stimuli are the receptors of the eyes sensitive to?

A

Light intensity and colour

21
Q

What are the two main functions of structures found within the eye?

A

Focusing on near or distant objects
Adaptation to dim light

22
Q

Describe the structure and function of the retina

A

The retina is a light sensitive layer found at the back if the eyes
Light stimulates the retinal cells resulting in impulses sent to the brain

23
Q

Describe the structure and function of the optic nerve

A

Connects the eye and the brain
It carries impulses to the brain so that and image can be visualised

24
Q

Describe the structure and function of the sclera

A

The thought outer ayer of the eye which protects its internal structures

25
Q

Describe the structure and function of the cornea

A

Curved transparent layer at the front of the eye
It lets light into the eye and allows light to be focused onto the retina

26
Q

Describe the structure and function of the iris

A

A muscle which controls the size of the pupils but contracting or relaxing. this allows the eye to adjust to bright and dim lighting

27
Q

Describe the structure and function of the ciliary muscles and suspensors ligaments

A

The ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments hold the lens on place and control its shape

28
Q

Describe how the iris alters size of the pupils in both bright and dim light

A

Bright light: circular muscles contact and radial muscles relax- makes pupil smaller to avoid retinal damage
Dim light: circular muscles relax and radial muscles contract- malke pupil larger so more light can enter the eye

29
Q

What is accommodation?

A

The alteration of the lens shape in order to focus on ear or distant objects

30
Q

How does the eye focus on a nearby object?

A

Ciliary muscles contract
Suspensory ligaments loosen
Lens becomes thicker and more curved-light rays are refracted strongly

31
Q

How does the eye focus on a far away object?

A

Ciliary muscles relax
Suspensory ligaments tighten
Lens becomes thinner- light rays are refracted weakly

32
Q

What is myopia?

A

Short-sightedness that usually occurs when the lens of the eye is too curved. As a result light is focused in form go the retina so images appear blurry

33
Q

How can myopia be treated?

A

By using glasses with a concave lensw, which spreads out light rays so they can ve focused on the retina

34
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Long sightedness that usually occurs when the lens of the eye is too flat. As a result light is focused behind the retina so images appear out of focus

35
Q

How can hyperopia be treated?

A

Using glasses with a convex lense which brings the light rays together so they can be focused on the retina.

36
Q

What are the two types of contact lenses?

A

Contact lenses are lenses that are placed on the eye.
There are two types:
Hard- rigid material, last a long time, must be kept sterile
Soft- flexible material, lasts for a shorter time, more comfortable

37
Q

What is laser eye surgery?

A

The uses of lasers to fix visual defects in adults. to treat myopia, lasers reduce the thickness of the cornea so light is refracted less strongly. To treat hyperopia, lasers alter the curvature of the cornea so that light is refracted correctly

38
Q

How can replacement lenses be used to treat visual defects?

A

Can either implant into the eye ( along with the natural lens) or it may replace the natural lens altogether .

39
Q

What are the risk of lens replacement?

A

Risks of lens replacement include retinal damage, cataracts and infections

40
Q

Where is body temperature controlled in the body?

A

By the thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus of the brain

41
Q

How is temperature monitored by the body?

A

Thermoregulatory centre has receptors sensitive to blood temperature.
Skin has receptors sensitive to skin temperature- sends impulses to thermoregulatory centre

42
Q

What physiological changes occur when the body temperature is too high?

A

Vasodilation- blood vessels near the surface of the skin dilate- more heat is radiated away
Sweating- evaporation of water takes heat energy form the surface of the skin

43
Q

What physiological changes occur when the body temperature is too low?

A

Vasoconstriction - blood vessels near the surface of the skin constrict - less heat radiated away
Shivering - respiration allow muscles to contract. It is an exothermic process, so heat energy is released.
Sweating stops

Biology 🧬 (2 decks)

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