B10 Flashcards
The pupil that is seen is actually a _____ image of the ____ pupil
Magnified virtual image of the real object pupil
Name the 7 functions of the iris
- improve visual clarity (regulates optical aberrations
- attraction/mate selection
- non verbal communication
- reduce glare
- control illumination
- prevent dazzling
- increase the depth of focus
The iris separates the
Anterior and posterior chambers of the eye
The iris is surrounded by what fluid?
Aqueous
T/f: the iris is the most anterior portion of the uveal tract
True
The iris rests lightly upon the ___
Lens
What is the average diameter of the iris?
12mm
The pupil center is slightly __ and ___ to the iris center
Slightly nasal and inferior
An abnormally decentered pupil
Ectopic
What does irregular or ectopic pupils do to optical quality
They degrade it
The pupillary margin rests on the ___ surface of the lens
Anterior
How does aqueous humor flow
It flows from the posterior–>anterior through the pupil
T/F: Temporal iris in humans broader than nasal iris
True
The posterior portion of the iris is derived from?
Neuroectoderm/neuroepithelium
The dilator muscle is derived from the
Neuroepithelium
The sphincter muscle is derived from the
Neuroepithelium
The posterior pigmented epithelium is derived from the
Neuroepithelium
The anterior portion of the iris is derived from
Mesoderm
The iris stroma is derived from
Mesoderm
The iris vessels is derived from
Mesoderm
The iris nerves are derived from
Mesoderm
The chromatophores are derived from
Mesoderm
What are the 4 layers of the iris?
- anterior border layer
- stroma and sphincter muscle
- anterior epithelium and dilator muscle
- posterior epithelium
What layer contains both mesoderm and ectoderm
Stroma and sphincter muscle
The reduction in optical aberrations and depth of focus is optimal at
2mm or less
What are the only elements in the iris that is capable of initiating movement
Iris muscles
What occurs in miosis (constriction if pupils)
the pupillary portion of iris gathers into pleats while the ciliary portion smooths out.
What occurs in mydriasis (dilation)
the stroma in the pupillary zone pulls flat while
contraction furrows appear in the ciliary area.
T/F: blow flow is impeded by wither miosis or mydriasis
False. It is not impeded
T/F: in the past, it was believed that the stroma and blood vessels were responsible for iris movements, via elastic expansion, changes in hydration, and/or engorgement.
True
T/F: the stroma and iris vessels are elastic
False. They are not elastic
is a loose but orderly meshwork of collagen fibers with aqueous fluid and scissor like angles for folding
Stroma
Thin-walled layer of endothelium with an outer
covering of collagen fibrils.
Iris vessels
The thickest portion of the iris
Stroma
What are the 4 functions of the stroma
- provides an anchor for structures
- protects the nerves and vessels from stretching and kinking
- adapts to constant movement
- folds and unfolds with minimal resistance to minimize energy expenditure
The stroma provides an anchor for what 4 structures?
- sphincter muscle
- dilator-posterior-epithelial plate
- iris nerve
- iris vessels
Structure that is more densely than deeper stroma
Anterior border layer
Dark brown spots that are compact masses of rounded cells filled with melanin
Nevi
T/F: the anterior border layer is more solid and dense with more layers in darkly pigmented eyes.
True
What kind of cells does the ABL have
Fibroblasts interlaced with melanocytes
T/F: In the ABL the iris is porous (no anterior limiting layer)
True
What gives us a blue iris
Light scatter in uniform space across stromal tissue
Why do most newborns start out with blue eyes then turn dark?
Because they haven’t developed pigment yet
What causes dark irises?
Development of anterior stromal melanocytes and production of pigment
Blood flow of the iris is derived from
ophthalmic artery from two long posterior ciliary arteries and anterior ciliary arteries.
The anterior ciliary arteries run along the
Rectus muscles
T/F: the iris doe not bleed when its cut
True
There are 2 anterior ciliary arteries in each rectus muscles except for
Lateral rectus (it only has 1)
Allows for little distension and folding of vessels during constant movement of iris
Perivascular collagen sheaths
T/F: Perivascular collagen sheaths are unique to iris vessels
True
T/F” Humans react to light stimulation of the retina rather than the iris.
True
Light reflex is an important test to discover the integrity of the
- retina
- optic nerves
- chiasm
- optic tracts
The entire stimulus response function resembles a ___curve
S curve
The latency time becomes ____ with dimmer light stimuli
More prolonged
In scotopic and photopic conditions, the pupil_____with variability in light
Doesnt really change all that much
In mesopic conditions, the pupil_____with variability in light
Changes a lot
In the dark adapted state, the threshold light of intensity needed to produce a pupil contraction becomes ___ as rods are brought into play
Less
T/F: Rods in the dark adapted state do not produce as much increase in pupil contraction in response to increases in stimulus intensity
True
In dark-adapted eyes, pupillary reactions occur at intensities
Below photopic range
In dark adapted eyes the parafovea and peripheral are ____ sensitive than the fovea
More
In normal light adapted eyes, pupillary threshold is
Much higher
In normal light adapted eyes, the fovea is ___reactive than the periphery
More
T/F: the pupil has a max speed to contract
True. Not matter the intensity of light the pupil will contract at the same speed
What is the max speed of pupil contraction?
4 Hz
T/F: The pupil has to be able to see a stimulus long enough for it to react
True
With longer duration of a stimulus, the pupil contracts___, there is a ___latency time, and the contraction lasts ___
- contracts more
- shorter latency times
- contraction lasts longer
The pupil is more constricted when the light covers a ____ area and when light is ____bright
Covers a greater area and light is equally bright
T/F: Pupils sums afferent impulses regardless of spatial distribution, both rods and cones.
True
Under dark adaptation, the fovea shows ___ sensitivity compared to surrounding retinal areas because of the lack of rods
Decreased
In mesopic and photopic adaptations the pupil responds greatest in the ___ field
Central
T/F: the temporal field response is usually greater than the nasal field response
True
The peak sensitivity under photopic conditions is
Green 550
The peak sensitivity under scotopic conditions is
Blue
The greater the spatial frequency, the ___ the pupil contracts
Less
20/20 has a ___ spatial frequency
High
T/F: The pupil responds to motion even when the light level stays the same
True
Some people think that myopes have ___ pupils and hyperopes have ___ pupils
Myopes: larger pupils
Hyperopes: smaller pupils
Larger pupils can result in what 2 things
- Image degradation
- glare
If the pupils are too small (<2mm) what 2 things can effect visual performance
- diffraction limited
- reduced illumination
What is the optimal pupil size?
2mm
Does pupil size increase of decrease with age?
Decreases
The pupil diameter can vary between?
2-8 mm
What is the near vision triad?
Convergence, miosis, and accommodation
What is the 3rd nerve nucleus?
Eddinger-Westphal
Amplitude for young people is ___ to contraction from bright light
Equal
Is iris sphincter and dilator muscle is derived from
Neuroectoderm
The iris sphincter is predominately innervated by
The parasympathetic system
The iris dilator is predominately innervated by?
The sympathetic system
T/F: the sphincter and dilator muscle are equally strong
True
When are the pupils smaller?
During sleep and death
When are the pupils bigger?
During waking hours and when frightened
What 3 things can elicit a pupillary dilation?
- sensory
- emotion
- mental
If something is less arousing how will this effect a pupillary reaction?
There will be less of a pupillary response
If you are infuriated, will you have a greater or lesser pupillary reaction?
Greater
What are some findings of pupil size in adults
- they can still respond fully to mydriatic drugs
- pupils are still round and smooth
- light reflex remain brisk
- reduction is size is a linear process
- no change in thickness of dilator muscle with age
- decreasing pupil size begin in healthy eyes with strong levels or accommodation and brisk reactive pupils
If someone has horners syndrome what happens to the pupil when you put cocaine in their eye?
The horners pupil dilates less than the normal pupil