B1- Understanding Ourselves Flashcards
What factors affect blood pressure?
Smoking, weight, too much alcohol and stress
What does high blood pressure cause?
Strokes, Brain damage and Kidney Damage
What is blood pressure measured in?
Mm of mercury, mmHg
What is the systolic pressure?
When the heart contracts and the blood pressure is at its highest
What happens if you have low blood pressure?
Poor circulation will be caused so cells don’t get enough food and oxygen therefore you feel dizzy and you faint
What does it mean to be healthy?
To be healthy is to be free of any infections or disease
What does being fit mean?
How well you perform in physical tasks
Why does smoking increase blood pressure?
Carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen carries therefore the heart has to contract more this increasing the pressure.
Nicotine increases the heart rate.
How does eating a lot of saturated fats lead to a heart attack?
It causes a build of cholesterol which is needed to make cell membranes but too much can cause it to build up in the arteries. Plaques then form on the artery walls which makes it more narrow. Therefore blood flow is restricted and the heart receives less oxygen. As a result it has a heart attack.
How does high salt levels increase the risk of a heart attack?
High blood pressure is caused by too much salt as it encourages the buildup of plaque which can lead to a heart attack .
What is the function of carbohydrates, what are they made of and where are they stored ?
Carbohydrates provide energy to the body. Carbohydrates are made up of simple sugars like glucose. Carbohydrates are stored in the liver as glycogen or converted into fats.
What is the function of proteins, where are they stored and what are they made of ?
Proteins are made up of amino acid,they are needed for growth and repair and they are not stored in the body .
What is the function of fats, where are they stored in the body and what are they made of ?
Facts are needed to provide energy and insulation. Fats are made up of fatty acids and glycerol. They are stored under the skin or around organs as adipose tissues.
What is the difference between first-class proteins and second-class proteins?
First-class proteins are found in meat whereas second-class proteins are found in plants. First-class proteins contain all essential amino acids whereas second-class proteins do not contain all the essential amino acids .
Why do some people have different diets ?
There are religious reasons ,personal reasons and medical reasons
What does too little protein courts ?
It causes malnourishment and in a serious case it will cause a condition called Kwashiorkor.
What is EAR?
It is estimated average daily requirement of protein and can be calculated using the formula 0.6 times body-mass. It is just an estimation and varies with age and whether the person is pregnant.
How do you calculate BMI?
BMI is body mass divided by height squared .
What are the four types of pathogens and give examples ?
The first example is fungi and an example is athletes foot.
The second type is bacteria an example is cholera.
The third type is a virus and an example is the flu.
The fourth time is a protozoa and an example is dysentery.
Discuss how malaria is spread.
Malaria is caused by a protozoan. It is carried by mosquitoes which are the vectors. It is a parasite and that means that it lives off another organism by harming it. Mosquitoes do not get infected.
How can we reduce the spread of malaria?
We can reduce the spread of malaria by draining as a stagnant water which is where mosquitoes lay their eggs. People can also use insecticides and mosquitoes nets.
What are the three ways that your immunes system deals with pathogens?
The first way is when white blood cells in engulf foreign cells and digest them.
The second way is by producing antitoxins which counter the effect of any toxins produced by the invading pathogens.
The final method is producing antibodies. Each pathogen has a unique surface where molecules called antigens are. Your white blood cells produce antibodies to lock on and kill new invading cells. The antibodies are specific to that specific pathogen. Antibodies are remembered my memory cells therefore if any person is infected by the same pathogen again the cells remember it immediately and then kill the pathogen.
What is active immunity?
Active immunity is when the immune system makes its own antibodies and it includes becoming naturally immune and artificially immune through the process of vaccinations. It is permanent.
What is passive immunity?
Passive immunity is when you use antibodies made by another organism to combat pathogens and it is only temporary.
Describe how a vaccination works?
In a vaccination a person is injected with a dead or inactive pathogen. They have antigens even though they are harmless yet they still trigger the immune response where the white blood cells produce antibodies. The antibodies are then remembered in the memory cells therefore if the same pathogen ever enters the body then antibodies be quickly produced.
What are the disadvantages of vaccinations ?
There are short-term side-effects such as swelling and redness. Also you cannot have some vaccinations if you are already ill. Some people think vaccinations can cause other disorders such as a link in MMR vaccine and autism.
What type of pathogens do antibiotics not kill ?
Viruses
What is a benign tumour ?
A benign tumour is where the tumour grows until there is no more room. The cell stay where they are. It is not normally a day just type.
What is a malignant tumour?
A malignant tumour is where the tumour grows can spread to other sites in the body. They are dangerous and can be fatal.
Describe the stages of drug development
The first stages on computer models where their human response is stimulated they can identify promising jobs through this method but it is not as accurate as seeing the effect on a real-life organism.
The next stage is to be tested on human tissue however this is not a see how the drug will affect the model systems in the body.
After that the drug is tested on animals, some people think this is cruel however others believed it is the safest way to make sure drugs are not dangerous before giving it to humans .
The final stage is a clinical trial weather druggies tested on humans.
Explain what a placebo is and why it is used
A placebo is a drug that does nothing it is a sugar pill.It is used in a clinical trial to make sure that other factors such as the patient thoughts do not interfere with the testing of the drug.In a double-blind trial neither the patient or the doctor know what drug is the placebo therefore it make sure that the drug really does what it does and no other things are influencing the result.
Name the five types of drugs, give examples of them and explain what they do to the body
The first type of drug is a depressant,an example is alcohol. they decrease the activity of the brain by slowing down the response of the nervous system causing slow reactions and poor judgement.
Stimulants are another type of drug I a example of a stimulant is ecstasy or Caffeine . They increase the activity of the brain therefore making the person more alert and awake.
Painkillers such as Aspirin and paracetamol are used to reduce the number of painful stimuli nerve endings near injury.
Performance enhancing drugs such as steroids are used by athletes sometimes as they help to build muscle and allow athletes are training and they allow athletes to train hard however they are banned by most sports organisation.
Hallucinogens such as LSD are the type of drugs. They distort what is seen and heard by altering pathways that the brain messages along.
How does smoking cause heart disease ?
Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. If the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen it can lead to a heart attack.
How does smoking lead to throat ,mouth and oesophageal cancer?
Tar from cigarette smoke collectable in the lungs. Its full of toxic chemicals, some of which contain carcinogens which cause cancer. Carcinogens make mutations in DNA more likely. If this happens cell division can go out of control and malignant tumours can form.
How does smoking cause smokers drop cough, severe loss of lung function which can lead to disease such as emphysema?
Smoking damages the cilia on the elliptical tissue lining of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. Which encourages mucus to be formed. But excess mucus cannot be clear because the cilia is damaged causing mucus to stick to air passages therefore causing smokers cough.
The lung lose their elasticity causing emphysema.
How does smoking cause low-birth-weight in babies ?
Low oxygen in the blood of a pregnant woman could deprive a foetus of oxygen leading to a small baby at birth.
What are the negative aspects of alcohol ?
When broken down in the liver by enzymes alcohol produces toxic products. Over a long period of time some of the tissue can become scarred and prevent blood reaching the liver , this is Cirrhosis.
Alcohol causes dehydration which can damage other cells in the body.
Being drunk causes impaired judgement, poor balance, poor coordination, slurred speech, blurred vision and sleepiness .
What is the function of the cornea ?
The cornea refracts light into the eye.
What is the function of the iris ?
The iris controls how much light enters the pupil .
What is the function of the lens?
The lenses also refract light, focusing it onto the retina .
