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Biology > B1 - Infections and Response > Flashcards

B1 - Infections and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

Antibiotics

A

Medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective
bacteria inside the body.

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2
Q

Clinical drug testing:

A

Drug testing done on healthy human volunteers and
patients.

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3
Q

Double blind trial:

A

A study performed where neither the researcher or patient
know whether the patient is taking the drug or a placebo.

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4
Q

Gonorrhoea

A

A sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a bacterium with
symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain
on urinating.✢

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5
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV):

A

An infectious virus that weakens the
immune system and can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).

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6
Q

Measles

A

A serious disease caused by a virus that shows symptoms of fever and
a red skin rash.

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7
Q

*Monoclonal antibodies:

A

: Antibodies produced from a single clone of cells
that are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen

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8
Q

Non-specific defence

A

General physical and chemical barriers that defend the
body against lots of different types of pathogen.

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9
Q

Pathogens:

A

: Microorganisms that cause infectious disease

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10
Q

Placebo

A

A substance designed to be indistinguishable from a drug being tested
but has no actual effect on the patient.

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11
Q

Preclinical drug testing:

A

Drug testing done in a laboratory using cells, tissues
and live animals.

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12
Q

Rose black spot:

A

A fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on
leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early.

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13
Q

Salmonella:

A

A bacterial disease that is spread by bacteria ingested in food and
can cause a fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea.

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14
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV):

A

A widespread plant pathogen affecting many
species of plants which produces a mosaic pattern on the leaves and limits the
plant growth.

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15
Q

Vaccination:

A

The process of introducing small quantities of dead or inactive
forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce
antibodies.✢

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16
Q

White blood cell:

A

An important type of cell that makes up the immune system and
produces antibodies and antitoxins.

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17
Q

how do aphids cause damage to plants

A

they use their sharp mouthparts to extract sap from the plant phloem, weakening the plant. They are also vectors who can transfer pathogens from diseased plants to healthy plants

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18
Q

how can we reduce the number of aphids

A

1) chemical pesticides
2) biological pest control - lady birds

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19
Q

why do plants need a good supply of nitrate ions

A

nitrate ions are required to convert sugars into proteins which are required for the plant to grow .

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20
Q

why do plants need a good supply of magnesium ions

A

magnesium ions are required to synthesise chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy during photosynthesis .As a result , the leaves cannot photosynthesise properly and turn yellow

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21
Q

what are the symptoms of disease in plants

A

stunted growth (lack of nitrate ions) , spotted leaves, decaying , discolouration

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22
Q

what are 2 ways in which plant disease can be identified

A

1) reference to a gardening website
2) laboratory testing

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23
Q

give examples of physical defence responses used by plants

A

1) cellulose cell walls
2) tough waxy cuticle on leaves
3)outside layer on stems on trees
4)leaf fall

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24
Q

give examples of chemical defence responses used by plants

A

1) antibacterial chemicals
2) poisons

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25
Q

give example of mechanical defence responses use by plants

A

1) thorns and hairs to deter animals
2)leaves that curl on contact

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26
Q

what is a pathogen

A

a disease- causing microorganism e.g. bacteria

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27
Q

how do bacteria cause disease

A

once inside the body, they divide rapidly by binary fission. They kill cells and produce harmful toxins

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28
Q

how do viruses cause disease

A

they invade and reproduce inside living body cells , leading to cell damage

29
Q

give 3 ways in which pathogens can be spread

A

1) by air - flu , tuberculosis and the common cold are spread by droplet infection
2) by water - fungal spores in water spread plant diseases
3) by direct contact - common in plant diseases and sexually transmitted infections

30
Q

give 4 ways in which the spread of pathogens can be reduces

A

1) hygiene - handwashing
2)reducing contact with infected individuals - quarantine
3) removing vectors - using pesticides
4) vaccination

31
Q

what is measles

A

measles is a serious viral disease that can cause blindness and brain damage. The main symptoms are a fever and a red skin rah

32
Q

how is measles spread

A

by air - through inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes

33
Q

what is HIV/AIDS

A

HIV is a virus which attacks and damages the immune system until it can no longer function properly. AIDS is the condition resulting from a long-term HIV infection. There is no cure for this .

34
Q

How is HIV spread

A

Direct sexual contact and the exchange of bodily fluids eg. blood, breastmilk

35
Q

how can the spread of HIV/AIDS be prevented

A

1) use of condoms
2)not sharing needles
3)screening of blood for transfusions
4)bottle - feeding

36
Q

what is tobacco mosaic virus

A

A plant pathogen which causes leaf discolouration when cells are damaged. Affected areas cannot photosynthesise. As there is no treatment farmers grow TMV - resistant crop strains to avoid infection

37
Q

how is tobacco mosaic virus spread

A

contact between infected and healthy plants. Insects may act as vectors which transfer the virus between different plants

38
Q

what is salmonella

A

a type of bacteria found in raw meat, poultry and eggs. If they enter the body via food poisoning ,they can affect natural gut bacteria

39
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella food poisoning

A

fever , abdominal cramping , vomiting , diarrhoea

40
Q

how can the spread of salmonella be limited

A

1) vaccinating animals
2)thoroughly cook meat
3) disinfect hands and surfaces after contact with raw meat

41
Q

what is gonorrhea

A

a sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by unprotected sex with an infected individual. Early symptoms include yellow/green discharge from genitals and painful urination , although it may be symptomless
1) its spread can be controlled with antibiotics

42
Q

what is rose black spot

A

a fungal disease which causes purple or black spots to develop on rose leaves .It reduces the area of the leaf which is available for photosynthesis and causes leaves to turn yellow and drop prematurely.

43
Q

how is the rose black spot fungus spread

A

fungal spores are spread by the wind and in water

44
Q

how can the rose black spot fungus be treated

A

1) using fungicides
2) destroying infected leaves

45
Q

what is malaria

A

Malaria is the disease cause by protist pathogens. The disease is carried from the host to host by mosquitoes and the protists enter the human bloodstream when they feed. Symptoms include fever and shaking

46
Q

how can the spread of malaria be reduced

A

1) using insecticides
2) using insect nets
3)antimalarial drugs

47
Q

how does the skin prevent pathogens from entering the body

A

1) acts as a physical barrier
2) scab formation after skin is cut

48
Q

how does the respiratory system prevent pathogens from entering your body

A

1) nose -has hairs and mucus which traps pathogens
2) trachea and bronchi - has mucus that traps pathogens. Ciliated cells move mucus to the mouth so it can be swallowed

49
Q

how does the stomach prevent pathogens infecting the body

A

secrets hydrochloric acid - kills any pathogens present

50
Q

how does phagocytosis protect us against disease

A

white blood cells (phagocytes) ingest and destroy pathogens so they cannot infect more cells

51
Q

how does antibody production protect us against diesease

A

white blood cells produce antibodies which are complementary to a specific antigen on a pathogen. The binding of antibodies to antigens cause pathogens to clump together , making them easier to destroy . In the case of a second infection , the correct antibodies can be produced rapidly , preventing the person getting the same disease again

52
Q

how does antitoxin production protect us against disease

A

antitoxin bind to toxins released by pathogens and neutralise them

53
Q

what is a vaccination

A

contains a dead or inactivated form of pathogen which stimulates white blood cells to produce complementary antibodies to the pathogen. In the case of a second infection , memory cells can rapidly produce the correct antibodies and prevent illness

54
Q

what are the advantages of vaccinations

A

1) they have eradicated deadly diseases eg. smallpox
2)many epidemics can be prevented by vaccinations

55
Q

what are the disadvantages of vacccinations

A

1)not guaranteed to work
2) may be side effects

56
Q

what drugs are used to cure some bacterial disease

A

antibiotics - they can kill bacterial pathogens inside the body

57
Q

how do antibiotics work

A

antibiotics eg. penicillin kill bacterial pathogens inside the body , but do not kill human cells .

58
Q

why can antibiotics not be used to treat viral dieases

A

antibiotics have no effect on viral pathogens as they live inside the hosts (human ) cells .

59
Q

what is antibiotic resistance

A

antibiotic resistance occurs when mutations lead to individual bacteria being resistant to an antibiotic. These bacteria are able to survive , reproduce and pass on their alleles , leading to a greater population of antibiotic - resistant bacteria

60
Q

how can we prevent antibiotic resistance

A

1) avoid overuse and unnecessary use
2) finish antibiotic courses - to ensure all bacteria is killed

61
Q

what effect do painkillers have on infectious diseases

A

painkillers can only treat the symptoms but do not kill pathogens

62
Q

what plant is the heart drug digitalis extracted from

A

foxgloves

63
Q

what painkiller originates from a compound found in willow bark

A

aspirin

64
Q

what antibiotic was discovered by alexander Fleming from a type of mould

A

penicillin

65
Q

what are the 4 qualities of a good medicine

A

effective , safe , stable , able to be taken in and removed easily

66
Q

what 3 main factors are tested for when developing a new drug

A

toxicity , efficacy , dose

67
Q

how is preclinical testing carried out

A

in a laboratory - uses cells , tissues and live animals

68
Q

how is clinical testing carried out

A

uses healthy volunteers and patients . Firstly the drug is testes at a low does on healthy people - then tested on patients and on a larger scale to find the optimum dose .Often , one group receive a placebo (not the test drug ) and he other group receive he actual drug in order to assess its efficacy

Biology (4 decks)

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