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Biology > B1 Cells And Transport > Flashcards

B1 Cells And Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Electrons microscope magnification

A

1,000,000x

250x resolving of a light microscope

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2
Q

Why microscopes are useful in the study of cell biology

A

Scientists use microscopes to provide higher magnification, higher resoltion and more detail than light microscope

Most cells cannot be viewed by the naked eye

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3
Q

Advantages of using a light microscope

A

Simple to use

Doesn’t require the use of high voltage power

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4
Q

Disadvantages of using a light microscope

A

Low resolving power

Poor surface view

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5
Q

Resolving power

A

The ability to see two points as two points, rather than merged into one

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6
Q

Advantages of using electron microscope

A

High resolution

High magnification

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7
Q

Disadvantages of using electron microscope

A

Inability to analyze live specimens

Only black and white images can be viewed with electron microscope

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8
Q

Use of electron microscope

A

Used to study detailed structure of tissues, cells, organelles

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9
Q

Total magnification

A

Objective lens x ocular lens

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10
Q

How to calculate magnification

A

Size of image/size of real object

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11
Q

Parts of animal cell

A

Cell membrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

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12
Q

Parts of plant cell

A

Chloroplast
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Vacuole
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm

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13
Q

Compare plant cell and animal cell

A

Plant cells have a cell wall in addition to a cell membrane, whereas animal cells have only a cell membrane

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14
Q

Why some cells do not contain all cell structures

A

The cells is created with the approximate structure to fit the environment

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15
Q

How to prepare a microscope slide

A

Peel a thin transparent layer of a cell from the inside of an onion

Place cells on microscopic slide

Add a drop of water or iodine

Lower a coverslip onto the onion cells

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16
Q

How do you use a microscope to see a plant cell

A

Prepare a thin plant tissue section

Apply a stain for visibility

Place section on a slide with water

Add coverslip to hold the section

Set microscope to low magnification

Increase magnification gradually

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17
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

Simple cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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18
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

Complex cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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19
Q

Structures in prokaryotic cells

A

Plasma membrane

Cell wall

A capsule

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20
Q

Structures in eukaryotic cells

A

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Lysomes

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21
Q

How the main structures of prokaryotic cells are related to their functions

A

Flagella and some pili used for locomotion

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22
Q

How the main structures of eukaryotic cells are related to their functions

A

Plasma membrane separates internal contents of cell from its surrounding environment

23
Q

Calculations to work out orders of magnitude

A

If increase a number by 1 order of magnitude you are multiplying the number by 10

If decrease a number by 1 order of magnitude divide the number by 10

24
Q

Specialised cells examples

A

Red blood cells

Sperm cells

Egg cells

Nerve cells

Muscle cells

Villi

25
Q

Why animals have specialised cells

A

To carry out a particular role in the body

26
Q

How the structure of specialised animal cells are related to their function within the organ and whole organism

A

Their structure is adapted to their function

27
Q

Compare the structure of a specialised and generalised animal cell

A

Generalised cells have a simple structure and can perform basic functions

Specialised cells have a more complex structure adapted to perform a specific function in the body

28
Q

How animal cells are adapted

A

Disc-shaped to absorb oxygen more quickly and rounded to flow easily through tiny capillaries

29
Q

Specialised plant cells examples

A

Guard cell

Xylem cell

Phloem cell

Root hair cell

30
Q

How to predict which way substances will
move across a cell membrane

A

Any substance that can move down its concentration gradient across the membrane

31
Q

How temperature affects rate of diffusion

A

Higher temperatures increase the energy and therefore the movement of the molecules, increasing the rate of diffusion

32
Q

How concentration gradient affects rate of diffusion

A

The bigger the difference

the steeper the concentration gradient

the faster the molecules of a substance will diffuse

33
Q

Why surface area affects the rate of diffusion

A

Aa surface area increases rate of diffusion increases

More space for molecules to diffuse across the membrane

34
Q

What happens if anima cell lose or gain too much water

A

They stop working properly

35
Q

Use ideas about osmosis to explain
why maintaining constant internal
conditions in living organisms is important

A

It stabilizes the internal environment of a living organism by maintaining the balance between water and intercellular fluid levels

36
Q

Isotonic

A

Any external solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration compared to body fluids

37
Q

Hypotonic

A

Any external solution that has a low solute concentration and high water concentration compared to body fluids

38
Q

Hypertonic

A

Any external solution that has a high solute concentration and high water concentration compared to body fluids

39
Q

What happens if a plant loses too much water from its cells

A

They become soft

40
Q

Active transport

A

Particles can move up the concentration
gradient if energy is used

41
Q

Why active transport is important for living organisms

A

It is crucial for cell survival and rapid nutrient absorption by the cells

42
Q

How active transport takes place

A

When molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

43
Q

Where active transport takes place

A

Across the root so the plant takes in the ions from the soil around it

44
Q

Does diffusion need to go through a partially permeable membrane

A

Does not need a partially permeable membrane

45
Q

Does osmosis need to go through a partially permeable membrane

A

Yes

46
Q

Does active transport need to go through a partially permeable membrane

A

Yes

It requires a partially permeable membrane

47
Q

The function of exchange surfaces in plants and animals

A

The place substances are moved across membranes in an organism

48
Q

How the effectiveness of exchange surfaces is increased

A

Large surface area

49
Q

Ratio of single-celled organism

A

Large surface area to volume ratio

50
Q

Ideas about surface area to volume ratio to describe why multicellular organisms need exchange surfaces

A

Cells too deep within their body so their body surfaces alone are not sufficient for the exchange of substances with their environment

51
Q

How to calculate the surface area to volume ratio of a cube

A

Surface area
______________

 Volume
52
Q

Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of a cylinder

A

Surface area = x^2

Volume = x^3

Volume ratio = surface area ➗ volume

53
Q

How to calculate surface area to volume ratio of a sphere

A

The ratio of surface to volume is 3/r

Biology (6 decks)

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