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Biology GCSE > B1 Cells > Flashcards

B1 Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is resolution in imaging?

A

Ability to distinguish between 2 separate points in image

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2
Q

What is magnification?

A

How much bigger an image compared to actual object

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3
Q

What is the cell wall structure?

A

Outer layer of plant cells made of cellulose

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4
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

Ribosomes

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5
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

Chlorophyll for photosynthesis

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6
Q

What are the advantages of a light microscope?

A

Cheaper, easy to use, can observe live cells

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7
Q

What are the advantages of an electron microscope?

A

Higher resolution, higher magnification, detailed views

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8
Q

What are the disadvantages of a light microscope?

A

Low resolution, limited magnification

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9
Q

What are the disadvantages of an electron microscope?

A

Complex preparation

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10
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a light microscope?

A

x1500

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11
Q

Why must specimens be dead for electron microscopy?

A

Process requires vacuum, so can’t observe living cells

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12
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane form an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential until equilibrium is reached

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13
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a more dilute solution?

A

The cell gains water by osmosis and may burst. This is called lysis

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14
Q

What happens to an animal cell in a more concentrated solution?

A

The cell loses water by osmosis and shrivels. This is called crenation

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15
Q

Total magnification

A

Eyepiece lens x objective lens

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16
Q

Active transport

A

Movement of substances low to high against a concentration gradient

Require energy from respiration ATP

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17
Q

Why does active transport need carrier proteins in cell membrane

A

Bind to substance, change shape and transport it across membrane

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18
Q

When is active transport used in gut

A

When there’s lower concentration of nutrients in the gut but higher concentration of nutrients in blood

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19
Q

What happens when there’s higher concentration of glucose/amino acids in gut

A

They diffuse naturally into the blood

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20
Q

When would concentration gradient be going the wrong way

A

When there’s a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut than in the blood

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21
Q

When can glucose be taken into bloodstream

A

When its concentration in the blood higher than in gut

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22
Q

Differences between diffusion, osmosis and active transport

A

Only active transport require energy

Only active transport requires carrier proteins

Only active transport movement of substance are low to high

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23
Q

How osmosis differs from diffusion

A

Osmosis is movement of water across partially permeable membrane from area of high water potential to area of lower water potential.

Diffusion is movement of molecules and doesn’t require membrane

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24
Q

Similarities diffusion, osmosis

A

Both passive

Both involve movement down a concentration gradient

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25
Q

What happens to a plant cell when it is placed in a more DILUTE solution?

A

Cell gains water by osmosis but does not burst

This cell is now turgid.

26
Q

Why does a plant cell not burst when it is placed in a more dilute solution?

A

Cell wall

27
Q

What happens to an plant cell when it is placed in a more CONCENTRATED solution?

A

The cell loses water by osmosis. The cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall. This is is called plasmolysis.

28
Q

Give an example of molecules that move by active transport.

A

Mineral ions in soil enter root hair cells

29
Q

Describe how mineral ions enter root hair cells from the soil

A

Mineral ions absorbed into root hair cells by active transport

Which moves ions from a low concentration in the soil to high concentration in root hair cells

This process requires energy from respiration and involves carrier proteins in cell membrane

30
Q

How do you calculate % change in mass

A

(Final mass - initial mass) ÷ (initial mass) x 100

31
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

Simple cell without nucleus and membrane bound organelles

32
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

Complex cell with nucleus and membrane bound organelles

33
Q

Prokaryotic cells examples

A

Bacteris, Archaea

34
Q

Eukaryotic cells examples

A

Plant cells, animal cells, fungal, protists

35
Q

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic has no nucleus, eukaryotic does

Prokaryotic cells are smaller

Prokaryotic cells have smaller ribosomes

36
Q

Prokaryotic cells size

A

0.1-5 hm

37
Q

Euakrayotic size

A

10-100 hm

38
Q

Prokaryotic cells divide

A

Binary fission

39
Q

Eukaryotic cells divide

A

Mitosis

40
Q

What type of DNA do prokaryotic cells have?

A

1 circular chromosome, NOT enclosed by a nucleus.

41
Q

What type of DNA do eukaryotic cells have?

A

Many linear chromosomes enclosed by a nucleus

42
Q

Flagella

A

Helps movement

43
Q

Plasmids

A

Small circular DNA molecules that carry extra genes

44
Q

What is the function of sperm cells?

A

Fertilise egg during sexual reproduction

45
Q

What is the function of nerve cells?

A

Transmits electrical impulses.

46
Q

What is the function of muscle cells?

A

Contract quickly to move bones

47
Q

How are sperm cells adapted for their function?

A

Streamlined head and long tail to aid swimming

Many mitochondria supply energy to allow cell to move

The acrosome (top of the head) has digestive enzymes which break down outer layers of membrane of the egg cell

48
Q

How are nerve cells adapted for their function?

A

The axon is long, enabling the impulses to be carried along long distances

Nerve endings have many mitochondria which supply energy to make neurotransmitters

49
Q

How are muscle cells adapted for their function?

A

Special proteins slide over each other, causing the muscle to contract

Lots of mitochondria provide energy from respiration for contraction

Can store glycogen used in respiration

50
Q

What is the function of xylem cells in a plant?

A

Transport water and mineral ions up the plant from roots to shoots.

51
Q

What is the function of phloem cells in a plant?

A

Transports food (by translocation) from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

52
Q

How are xylem cells adapted for their function?

A

Xylem cells hollow and joined end-to-end to form a continuous tube so water and mineral ions can move through

Lignin helps cell walls which help withstand pressure water

53
Q

How are phloem cells adapted for their function?

A

Have few organelles so food can move faster

Have companion cell with mitochondria to supply energy

Cell walls of each phloem cell form sieve plates when they break down, allowing the movement of substances from cell to cell

54
Q

Cover slip used for

A

Flatten sample and protect microscope lens

55
Q

Staining (drop of iodine) used for

A

Highlight specific cell structures

56
Q

Why add drop of water

A

Prevent specimen from drying out and transparency

57
Q

Why cover slip lowered 45° angle

A

Avoid trapping air bubbles

58
Q

Why press down cover slip

A

To spread sample evenly ensure thin enough for light to pass through

59
Q

Coarse adjustment knob

A

Bring specimen to rough focus

60
Q

Fine adjustment knob

A

Gives clearer image

61
Q

Diaphragm

A

Controls amount of light reaches specimen

Biology GCSE (2 decks)

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