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Y9 GCSE > B1 Cells > Flashcards

B1 Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Have a nucleus which contains the genetic material (DNA)

Animal and plant cell

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2
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Don’t have a nucleus

Bacterial cells

Smaller and simpler in comparison to eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

What are the features of all eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells?

A
  1. Genetic material (DNA)
  2. Cell membrane
  3. Cytoplasm
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4
Q

Describe the genetic material (DNA) in a prokaryotic cell

A

A single loop of DNA
May also have plasmids - small rings of DNA

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5
Q

Name the 5 sub-cellular structures in animal cells

A
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6
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Gel-like substance where chemical reactions take place

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains the genetic material (DNA)

Controls activities of cell

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls movement of substances in and out of cell.

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9
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Where proteins are made

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10
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place → releases energy from glucose

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11
Q

Name the additional 3 sub-cellular structures in plant cells

A
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12
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Strengthens the cell

Made of cellulose

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13
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Contain chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis to make glucose

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14
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap

Keeps cell rigid

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15
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

Carry electrical impulses

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16
Q

What features of a nerve cell help it carry out its function?

A

Long → carry electrical impulses over long distances

Many branches → connect to many other cells forming a network

Insulation → speeds up transmission of impulses

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17
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

Fertilize an egg

18
Q

What features of a sperm cell help it carry out its function?

A

Long tail → allows sperm to swim / move towards egg

Many mitochondria → high rate of respiration to release energy for swimming

19
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell?

A

Carry oxygen around the body

20
Q

What features of a red blood cell help it carry out its function?

A

Contains haemoglobin → Binds to oxygen

No nucleus → More space for haemoglobin

Biconcave shape → Gives a large surface area for a fast rate of diffusion of oxygen

21
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell?

A

Contract to cause movement

22
Q

What features of a muscle cell help it carry out its function?

A

Many mitochondria → high rate of respiration to release energy for contraction

23
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell?

A

Absorb (take up) water and mineral ions from soil

24
Q

What features of a root hair cell help it carry out its function?

A

Long projection → large surface area for absorption of water by osmosis

Many mitochondria → high rate of respiration to release energy for active transport of mineral ions

No chloroplasts → underground → no light / do not carry out photosynthesis

25
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

Transport water and mineral ions from roots to leaves

26
Q

What features of a xylem cell help it carry out its function?

A

Lignin in cell wall → waterproof & strong to withstand pressure of water moving

Hollow cells (no nucleus & sub-cellular structures) → more space for movement of water

No end walls between cells → cells form a long tube so water can flow easily

27
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

Transports sugars up & down plant

28
Q

What features of a phloem cell help it carry out its function?

A

Cells have few sub-cellular structures → more space for movement of dissolved sugars

Pores in end walls → dissolved sugars can move from cell to cell

29
Q

Name the parts of a light microscope

A
30
Q

Describe how to use a microscope to view a prepared slide

A
  1. Clip slide on stage and turn on light
  2. Select lowest power objective lens (usually x 4)
  3. Use coarse focusing wheel to move stage close to lens
  4. Turn coarse focusing wheel to move stage away from lens until image comes into focus
  5. Adjust fine focusing wheel to get a clear image
  6. Swap to a higher power objective lens, then refocus
31
Q

When preparing a slide of onion cells why do each of the following steps:

Use a thin layer of onion tissue
Add stain
Lower coverslip at an angle

A

Thin layer of onion tissue → light can pass through & help see individual cells

Add stain → help see sub-cellular structures

Lower coverslip at an angle → prevent air bubbles

32
Q

How is the total magnification of a microscope calculated?

A

Magnification of eyepiece lens x magnification of objective lens e.g. 10 x 4 = x 40

33
Q

What are the rules of scientific drawing

A

No colouring / shading – only use clear, continuous lines

Include the magnification

Label important features e.g. nucleus

34
Q

What is the difference between magnification and resolution?

A

Magnification = Number of times bigger image is compared to real object

Resolution = Ability to distinguish (tell apart) two points that are close together (level of detail)

35
Q

What are the differences between light and electron microscopes?

A

Higher magnification in electron microscopes

Higher resolution in electron microscopes

So can study cells in much finer detail → see more sub-cellular structures e.g. ribosomes

36
Q

List the steps in calculations involving magnification, real size and image size

A
  1. Note formula / rearrange if necessary
  2. Convert units if necessary – image and actual size must be in the same unit
  3. Calculate answer and check units required
37
Q

How do you convert millimetres (mm) into micrometres (µm)

A

x1000

38
Q

How do you convert micrometres (mm) into millimetres (µm)

A

÷1000

39
Q

An image of an cheek cell measures 40 mm wide. The real width of the cell was 0.01 mm. Calculate the magnification.

A
  1. Formula: magnification = image size ÷ real size
  2. Calculation: magnification = 40 ÷ 0.01 = 400x
40
Q

An image of an onion cell measures 48 mm long when viewed at a magnification of x400. Calculate the real length of the onion cell. Give your answer in micrometers.

A
  1. Formula: real size = image size ÷ magnification
  2. Calculation: real size = 48 ÷ 400 = 0.12mm
  3. Convert to required unit: to convert mm to µm x 1000 → 0.12mm x 1000 = 120µm

Y9 GCSE (2 decks)

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