B1 Cell Structure & Transport

Question 1

What is a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 1

A plant or animal cell that has a cell membrane, cytoplasm and its genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.

Question 2

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 2

A cell in which the genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus. It’s DNA is found as a loop in the cell and there may be one or more plasmids.

Question 3

What is a plasmid?

Answer 3

A small ring of DNA.

Question 4

What type of cell is a bacterial cell?

Answer 4

Prokaryotic cell.

Question 5

How does the size of a prokaryotic cell compare to a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 5

Much smaller.

Question 6

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 6

Control the cell.

Question 7

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 7

Site of chemical reactions.

Question 8

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 8

Controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Question 9

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 9

Site of respiration.

Question 10

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 10

Site of protein synthesis.

Question 11

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Answer 11

Site of photosynthesis.

Question 12

What is the permanent vacuole’s function?

Answer 12

Supports the cell and contains cell sap.

Question 13

How is the cell wall strengthened?

Answer 13

Cellulose.

Question 14

What are the common parts of an animal cell?

Answer 14

Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria & ribosomes.

Question 15

What are the common parts of a plant cell?

Answer 15

Nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, chloroplast, mitochondria, vacuole & ribosomes.

Question 16

What is the function of a sperm cell?

Answer 16

Carry father’s genetic information and fertilise the egg.

Question 17

How is a sperm cell adapted?

Answer 17

Streamlined shape, nucleus contains 1 set of chromosomes, lots of mitochondria for respiration, contains digestive enzymes.

Question 18

What is the function of a nerve cell?

Answer 18

Transmit electrical impulses around the body.

Question 19

How is a nerve cell adapted?

Answer 19

Long, and lots of dendrites to make connections with lots of other cells.

Question 20

What is the function of a muscle cell?

Answer 20

Contracts and relax to bring about movement.

Question 21

How is a muscle cell adapted?

Answer 21

Lots of mitochondria for respiration.

Question 22

What is the function of the root hair cells?

Answer 22

Absorb mineral ions and water from the soil.

Question 23

How is a root hair cell adapted?

Answer 23

Large surface area and lots of mitochondria for respiration.

Question 24

What is the function of the xylem?

Answer 24

Transport water around the plant.

Question 25

How are the xylem adapted for their function?

Answer 25

Few cell structures and so they are dead for more space and supported by lignin.

Question 26

What are the functions of phloem cells?

Answer 26

Transport sugars around the plant.

Question 27

How are phloem cells adapted for their function?

Answer 27

Few cell structures and supported by companion cells.

Question 28

What are the advantages of electron microscopes?

Answer 28

Higher magnification and higher resolution.

Question 29

What have been the benefits of electron microscopes?

Answer 29

Can be used to examine a cell in much finer detail and has led to a better understanding of sub cellular structures.

Question 30

What is the formula for magnification?

Answer 30

Magnification = size of image / size of real object

Question 31

What is diffusion?

Answer 31

The spreading out of the particles of any substance in solutions, or particles of gas, causing a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Question 32

What substances in animals and plants are transported in and out of cells by diffusion?

Answer 32

Oxygen, carbon dioxide & urea.

Question 33

How does the difference in concentration affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 33

Increased concentration gradient increases the rate of diffusion.

Question 34

How does the temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 34

Increases temperature increases in the rate of diffusion because particles have more kinetic energy & are moving faster.

Question 35

How does the surface area of the membrane affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 35

Increased surface area increases the rate of diffusion.

Question 36

How are single-cells organisms adapted for diffusion?

Answer 36

It has large surface area to volume ratio.

Question 37

How is the small intestine adapted for exchange?

Answer 37

It is long and has villi for a large surface area, the cell membranes are thin for a short diffusion pathway, there is rich blood supply to maintain a steep concentration gradient & lots of mitochondria.

Question 38

How are the lungs adapted for exchange?

Answer 38

Lots of alveoli for a large surface area, thin membrane for a short diffusion pathway & good ventilation & blood supply to maintain a steep concentration gradient.

Question 39

How are the gills in a fish adapted for exchange?

Answer 39

Large surface area, thin membrane for a short diffusion pathway & good ventilation & blood supply to maintain a steep concentration gradient.

Question 40

How are the roots adapted for exchange?

Answer 40

Large surface area, thin surface membrane for a short diffusion pathway & lots of mitochondria for active transport.

Question 41

How are the leaves adapted for exchange?

Answer 41

Large surface area and thin for short diffusion pathway.

Question 42

What is osmosis?

Answer 42

The movement of water from a diluted to concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

Question 43

What is active transport?

Answer 43

The movement of substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against the concentration gradient). It requires energy.

Question 44

What is an example of active transport in animals?

Answer 44

Absorption of sugar in the gut from a low to high concentration.

Question 45

What is an example of active transport in plants?

Answer 45

Absorption of mineral ions into plant root hairs.