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Biology > b1 - cell structure and transport > Flashcards

b1 - cell structure and transport Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the equation for magnification?

A

magnification = image size / real size

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2
Q

what is resolution?

A

the ability to clearly distinguish the individual parts of an object

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3
Q

what is the resolving power of a microscope?

A

measure of how well you can distinguish between 2 points

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4
Q

what are the structures in an animal cell?

A

nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes

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5
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

controls all activities of the cell
contains the genes

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6
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

a liquid gel where most chemical reactions take place

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7
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane?

A

regulates what enters and leaves the cell
protects and supports the cell

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8
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

where aerobic respiration occurs (releases energy for the cell)

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9
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes?

A

where protein synthesis takes occurs

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10
Q

what structures do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A

chloroplasts
cell wall
permanent vacuole

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11
Q

what is the function of the cell wall?

A

made of cellulose, supports + strengthens the cell

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12
Q

what is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

contain chlorophyll which absorbs light for photosynthesis

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13
Q

what is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid

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14
Q

what is a eukaryotic cell?

A

a cell that has a nucleus and organelles

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15
Q

give examples of eukaryotic cells

A

plants
animals
fungi
protists

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16
Q

what is a prokaryotic cell?

A

a cell without a nucleus
they are single felled living organisms

17
Q

give examples of prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria
archaea

18
Q

what structure does the dna in eukaryotic cells form?

A

chromosomes

19
Q

what structure does the dna in prokaryotic cells form?

A

plasmids (small rings of dna found in the cytoplasm)

20
Q

what is a flagella?

A

long, thin whip-like structure that helps organisms move through moist or wet surroundings

21
Q

what is differentiation?

A

the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

22
Q

give examples of specialised cells

A

red blood cells
nerve cells
gamete cells
root hair cell
muscle cells
xylem + phloem cells
photosynthetic cells

23
Q

how are nerve cells specialised?

A

lots of dendrites to connect to other cells

a long axon carrying the nerve impulses

synapses at the ends to pass messages on

lots of mitochondria to provide enough energy

24
Q

how are (striated) muscle cells specialised?

A

contain special proteins that slide over eachother making the fibres contract

lots of mitochondria to release energy needed for contraction
term-51
store glycogen to be broken down + used in cellular respiration

25
Q

how are egg cells specialised?

A

large diameter for them to carry enough stored food

contain stored food needed for early stages of development

large, haploid nucleus contains genetic info

26
Q

how are sperm cells specialised?

A

long tail + streamlined head to help swim faster

lots of mitochondria to release energy

enzymes stored in the acrosome to digest through the egg

large nucleus containing genetic info

27
Q

how is a root hair cell specialised?

A

increased surface area for water to move into cell

large permanent vacuole to speed up movement of water by osmosis from soil across root hair cell

lots of mitochondria to transfer energy needed for active transport of mineral ions into root hair cell

28
Q

how are red blood cells specialised?

A

large surface area that allows absorption of oxygen

biconcave shape creates the large surface area for absorption of oxygen

able to fold to travel through the capillaries

small diameter allowing them to pass through small blood vessels

29
Q

how are palisade mesophyll cells specialised?

A

contain chlorophyll that absorbs light needed for photosynthesis

usually positioned in continuous layers of leaves + outer layers of stem to absorb max amount of light

large permanent vacuole to keep cell rigid as a result of osmosis

30
Q

how are xylem cells specialised?

A

hollow in the centre

have very few sub-cellular structures so that water + mineral ions can easily flow through them

spirals and rings of lignin to make them strong + help withstand pressure of water moving up plant

31
Q

how are phloem cells specialised?

A

end walls allow sugars through but support the tubes
arranged end to end into tubes
have companion cells in between them

32
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the net movement of particles of gas or any substance in solution from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down the concentration gradient

33
Q

what is net movement?

A

the overall movement of particles

34
Q

what factors affect rate of diffusion?

A

temperature
surface area
difference in concentration
pressure

35
Q

what substances use diffusion?

A

gases eg oxygen, co2
glucose
waste products eg urea

36
Q

what is gas exchange?

A

the process by which oxygen is transported to cells and carbon dioxide is transported from cells

Biology (12 decks)

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