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Biology Year 10 > B1 - Cell structure and transport > Flashcards

B1 - Cell structure and transport Flashcards

1
Q

Draw the equation triangle for magnification

A

https://boost-learning.com/resource-landing/f5d7ff50-9155-439a-9669-ec9d5d6a6c73/figure-1.23-a-formula-triangle

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2
Q

Link magnification, size of image and size of real object together

A

Magnification = size of image / size of real object

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3
Q

What type of cells are animal cells?

A

Animal cells are eukaryotes (their genetic material (DNA) is enclosed in a nucleus

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4
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

The function of the nucleus is to enclose the genetic material. It controls all the activities of the cell and is surrounded by the nuclear membrane. It contains the genes of the chromosomes that carry the instructions for making protein needed to build new cells or new organisms

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5
Q

What is the cytoplasm and what happens inside of it?

A

The cytoplasm is a watery solution where chemical reactions take place and organelles are suspended (eg the first stage of respiration)

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6
Q

What covers the animal cell and what is it’s purpose?

A

The cell membrane and it can control the molecules that can enter and leave the cell

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7
Q

What are the 2 small structures in animal cells?

A

Mitochondria and ribosomes

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8
Q

What takes place in mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy for the cell

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9
Q

What can view ribosomes?

A

Electron microscopes

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10
Q

What is the purpose of ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, making all the proteins needed in the cell

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11
Q

Label this diagram of an animal cell : https://wordwall.net/en-gb/community/animal-cell

A
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12
Q

What are the 3 structures that plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A

Chloroplasts, cell wall and permanent vacuole

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13
Q

What are chloroplasts and why are they green? What does this green “source” do?

A

Chloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll . Chlorophyll absorbs light so the plant can make food by photosynthesis.

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14
Q

Why do root cells not have chloroplasts?

A

Because they are underground and do not photosynthesise

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15
Q

What is the purpose of cell walls and what substance is it made of that strengthens them?

A

Cell walls gives support to the cell. It is made of cellulose that strengthens the cell and gives it support

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the permanent vacuole and why is it important?

A

The permanent vacuole is a space in the cytoplasm filled with cell sap. This is important for keeping the cells rigid to support the plant

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17
Q

Label this plant cell : https://www.pngfind.com/mpng/hxooihJ_simple-diagram-of-plant-cell-simple-plant-cell/

A

1 - Cytoplasm

2 - Nucleus

3 - Cell membrane

4 - Mitochondria (and ribosomes)

5 - Cell wall

6 - Permanent Vacuole

7 - Chloroplast

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18
Q

What is the definition of Eukaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells contain the genetic material (DNA) enclosed in a nucleus

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19
Q

What type of cells are bacterial cells?

A

Bacteria are prokaryotic cells

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20
Q

What is the definition of a prokaryotic cell?

A

In prokaryotic cells, the genetic material (DNA) is NOT enclosed in a nucleus

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21
Q

What are small rings a bacterium could have and what use does i have?

A

Bacteria could have small rings called plasmids, that code for very specific features such as antibiotic resistances.

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22
Q

What are 2 features prokaryotes (eg bacteria) may also contain?

A

Prokaryotes may also contain a flagellum (flagella) and a slime capsule

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23
Q

What are flagella and state one use of them on a prokaryote

A

Flagella are long protein strand that lash about. They use these to move themselves around

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24
Q

What are the similarities and differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

Similarities: Both have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, and ribosomes

Differences: Prokaryotes don’t have their genetic material encased in a nucleus, They may have a slime capsule and flagella.

Eukaryotes on the other hand, do have their genetic material encased in a nucleus. They also have mitochondria

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25
Q

What is it called when cells undergo specialisation?

A

Differentiation

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26
Q

DO B1.4

A
27
Q

DO B1.5

A
28
Q

Where do particles enter and leave the cell?

A

Through the cell membrane

29
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the spreading out of particles resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

30
Q

How does oxygen move in/out of the cell (through diffusion)?

A

Cells are surrounded by a high concentration of oxygen. Oxygen is transported in the bloodstream of lungs. The oxygen molecules move into the cells -from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration-

31
Q

Show, using a diagram, how CO2 enters/leaves a cell?

A

The oxygen used to generate energy in respiration produces the waste gas carbon dioxide. That means there is a -higher concentration of CO2 inside the cell and a lower concentration of CO2 outside- so the CO2 molecules move outside the cell by diffusion

32
Q

What are the 3 main factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Difference in concentrations

The temperature (the higher the temperature, the greater the rate of diffusion)

The surface area ( the larger the surface area of the cell membrane, the greater the rate of diffusion)

33
Q

How does the difference in concentrations in molecules affect the rate of diffusion?

A

If there is a big difference in concentration in areas, diffusion will take place quickly. Many particles ill move randomly towards the area of low concentration.

However if there is a small difference in concentration in areas, diffusion will be quite slow.

(The greater the difference in concentrations, the faster the rate of diffusion)

34
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

The difference between 2 areas of concentration

35
Q

How does temperature affect diffusion?

A

An increase in temperature means that the particles in a gas or a solution move around more quickly. When this happens, diffusion takes place more rapidly as the random movement of the particles speed up.

36
Q

What are membranes that only let some types of particles through?

A

Partially permeable membranes

37
Q

What does a dilute solution of sugar contain in terms of water and sugar?

A

A dilute solution of sugar contains a high concentration of water and low concentration of sugar

38
Q

What is a concentrated sugar solution contain in terms of sugar and water?

A

A concentrated sugar solution contains a relatively low concentration of water and a high concentration of sugar.

39
Q

State 3 adaptations of Nerve Cells:

A
  • Lots of dendrites to make connections to other cells
  • An axon that carries the nerve impulse from one place to another (can be very long)
  • The nerve endings or synapses are adapted to pass the impulses to another cell or between a nerve cell and a muscle in the body using special transmitter chemicals
40
Q

How are muscle cells adapted? Mention 3 main adaptations:

A
  • They contain special proteins that slide over each other making fibres contract
  • They contain many mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for the chemical reactions that take place as the cells contract and relax
  • They can store glycogen, a chemical that can be broken down and used in cellular respiration by the mitochondria to transfer the energy needed for the fibres to contract
41
Q

How are sperm cells adapted? State 3 reasons:

A
  • They have a long tail that whips from side to side to help move the sperm through water or the female reproductive system
  • The middle section is full of mitochondria, which transfers the energy needed for the tail to work
  • A large nucleus contains the genetic information to be passed on
  • (The acrosome stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg)
42
Q

How are root hair cells adapted?

A
  • They greatly increase the surface area available for water to move into the cell
  • The heave a large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell
  • They have many mitochondria that transfer the energy needed for the active transport of mineral ions into the root hair cells
43
Q

What is the purpose of root hair cells?

A

They help the plant to take up water and mineral ions up into the rest of the plant.

44
Q

What are the 3 main adaptations of photosynthetic cells?

A
  • They contain specialised green structures called chloroplasts containing chlorophyll that traps the light needed for photosynthesis
  • They are usually positioned in continuous layers in the leaves and outer layers of the stem of a plant so they absorb as much light as possible
  • They have a large permanent vacuole that helps keep the cell rigid as a result of osmosis. When lots of these rigid cells are arranged together to form photosynthetic tissue they help support the stem. They also keep the leaf spread out so it can capture as much light as possible.
45
Q

What is the purpose Xylem cells?

A

Xylem is the transport tissue in plants that carries water and mineral ions from the roots to the highest leaves and shoots. The xylem is also important in supporting the plant.

46
Q

What are the 2 adaptation of Xylem cells?W

A

The xylem cells are alive when they are first formed but a special chemical called lignin builds up in spirals in the cell walls. The cells die and form long hollow tubes that allow water and mineral ions to move easily through them, from one end of the plant to the other.

The spirals and rings of lignin in the xylem cells make them very strong and help them withstand the pressure of water moving up the plant. They also help support the plant stem

47
Q

What is the purpose of the phloem cells?

A

Phloem is the specialised transport tissue that carries the food made by the photosynthesis around the body of the plant. It is made up of phloem cells that form tubes rather like xylem cells, but phloem cells do not become lignified and die. The dissolved food can move up and down the phloem tubes to where it is needed,

48
Q

What are the 2 adaptations of phloem cells?

A
  • The cells walls between the cells break down to form special sieve plates. These allow water charring the dissolved food to move freely up and down the tubes to where it is needed.
  • Phloem cells lose a lot of their internal structures but they are supported by companion cells that help to keep them alive. The mitochondria of the companion cells transfer the energy needed to move dissolved food up and down the plant in phloem.
49
Q

What is meant when a solution is isotonic to the cell?

A

If the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is the same as the internal concentration, the solution is isotonic to the cell

50
Q

What is meant when a solution in hypertonic to the cell?

A

If the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is higher than the internal concentration, the solution in hypertonic to the cell.

51
Q

What is meant when a solution in hypotonic?

A

If the concentration of solutes in the solution outside the cell is lower than the internal concentration, the solution is hypotonic to the cell

52
Q

What is the definition of diffusion

A

Diffusion is the spreading out of particles of any substance, in solution or a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of a lower concentration, down a concentration gradient.

53
Q

What is the rate of diffusion affected by?

A

Rate of diffusion is affected by the difference in concentrations, the temperature and the available surface area.

54
Q

What are examples of diffusion in living organisms?

A

Oxygen you need for respiration passes from the air in your lungs into your red blood cells through cell membrane. The oxygen moves down a concentration gradient from a region of high concentration to a low one. This can be the other way.

55
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Osmosis is a different type of diffusion. It is the movement of water from a dilute to a more concentrated solute solution, through a partially permeable membrane, that allows water to pass through.

56
Q

Why is Osmosis important in plants?

A

Osmosis is important in plants to keep them Turgor. Water movies in plant cells by osmosis, causing the vacuole to swell. This pressure makes the cell rigid, keeping the plant firm.

57
Q

What kind of investigations can you use to look at osmosis in plants?

A

You can place plant tissue in a hypotonic solution, using sugar or salt, with water moving into the the cells by osmosis, or you can place it in a hypertonic solution with water moving out by osmosis.

58
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport moves substances from a dilute concertation to a more concentrated one, against the concentration gradient, and against it’s will

It uses energy released from food in respiration to provide the energy required

59
Q

What is the importance of active transport?

A

Active transport is important: mineral ions, such as nitrates, are found in very dilute solutions. Uh oh. This means it is more dilute than the solution in plant root hair cells, sooo they use active transport to absorb these mineral ions, even though it’s against the concentration gradient and against their will.

60
Q

What is active transport used for in the gut?

A

Active transport enables the sugar molecules used for cell respiration to be absorbed from the lower concentrations in the gut into the blood stream where is has a much higher respiration.

61
Q

What is special about single celled organisms?

A

They have a relatively large surface area to volume ratio so all necessary exchange with the environment takes place at the surface

62
Q

What are the 2 problems for larger organisms due to their surface area?

A

Gases and food molecules can no longer reach every cell inside the body by simple diffusion.

Metabolic waste cannot be removed fast enough to avoid food poisoning

63
Q

What are some adaptations for exchanging materials?

A

The effectiveness of an exchange surface (surfaces where the exchange of materials take place), are increased by:
- having a large surface area over which the exchange can take place
- having a thin membrane or being thin, to provide short diffusion paths
- having an efficient blood supply moves the dissolved substances quicker, by maintaining a steep concentration gradient
- being ventilated maintains a steep concentration and keeping gas exchange efficient

Biology Year 10 (2 decks)

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