B1 - Cell Biology KO Flashcards
What is the difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells contain their DNA in the nucleus whereas prokaryotic cells contain DNA in the cytoplasm and plasmids.
What is a Nucleus?
An organelle that contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities.
What is a Cell Membrane?
Organelle which is permeable to some substances but not to others (controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell).
What is Cytoplasm?
Jelly-like material where chemical reactions happen.
What are Ribosomes?
Tiny organelles where protein synthesis occurs.
What are Mitochondria?
Organelles that contain the enzymes for respiration, and where energy is released in respiration.
What is the Cell Wall?
Organelles that strengthen and support the shape of the cell.
What are chloroplasts?
Organelles that contain chlorophyll that photosynthesize
What is the Vacuole?
Space inside the cytoplasm that contains a watery liquid called cell sap. Keeps the cell firm.
What are Microscopes?
An instrument that is useful for showing detail at things incapable from the naked eye.
What is the difference between Magnification and Resolution?
Magnification is a measure of the size of an image compared to the size of the objects whereas resolution is the ability to distinguish between 2 points.
What is Cell Differentiation?
When cells specialize.
What are the Chromosomes?
The structures found within a nucleus are made of DNA. 23 pairs are found in most humans.
What are Genes?
A section of DNA that codes for a particular protein.
What is Mitosis?
A type of asexual cell division where an identical copy of a cell is made.
What is a Cell Cycle?
3 stages leading up to cell division.
What are Stem Cells?
An undifferentiated cell that can differentiate into a specialist cell.
What are Meristems?
A region in plant shoots or roots in which cells are undergoing mitosis. They can differentiate to produce any kind of plant cell during the life of the plant.
What is Therapeutic Cloning?
When an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient.
What is an Exchange Surface
Generally highly folded structure within the body where substances can move either in or out.
What is Villi?
The highly folded structures found within the small intestine that maximise the surface area for efficient digestion.
What is Alveoli?
The highly folded structures found within the lungs that maximise the surface area for gaseous exchange
What is Diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What is Osmosis?
Osmosis is defined as the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially-permeable membrane.
What is Active Transport?
Active transport is the movement of substances from a low concentration to a high concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
What happens before a cell divides?
The chromosomes and other organelles are copied and the chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.
Why is mitosis so
important?
It allows cells to be copied for growth, repair and
replacement of damaged tissue.
Compare human and
plant stem cells.
Human stem cells can be taken from an embryo or adult
bone marrow. Embryonic stem cells can differentiate
into most types of cells, bone marrow cells are more
limited. Plant stem cells are found in meristems and
can form any type of plant cell.
What factors can
effect the rate of
diffusion?
Difference in concentrations (concentration gradient),
temperature, the surface area of the membrane.
