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Biology > B1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

How is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell?

A

It’s found free within the cytoplasm as a plasmid or a single large loop of circular DNA

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2
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A small circular loop of DNA found free in the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What 3 cell components are found in plant cells which aren’t found in animal cells?

A

Chloroplasts, vacuole and cell wall

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4
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It controls the activities of the cell and stores genetic information

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5
Q

What’s the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Where chemical reactions happen

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6
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It controls what goes in and out of the cell and supports it

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7
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

It’s where aerobic respiration takes place

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8
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Where protein synthesis occurs

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9
Q

What’s the plant cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

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10
Q

What is the function of the plant cell wall?

A

It provides strength to prevent the cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis

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11
Q

What’s the function of the vacuole?

A

It contains cell sap and it supports the cell and maintains its turgidity(swollen).

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12
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

They absorb light energy from the Sun in order for photosynthesis to take place

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13
Q

How are sperm cells and animals adapted to their function?

A
  • they have a tail in order to move
  • mitochondria which provides energy for the sperm cell to move fast
  • It has enzymes in its head which helps digest the egg cell membrane
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14
Q

How are nerve cells and animals adapted to their function?

A
  • elongated structure allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all over the body
  • short branched extension lets them connect to other nerve cells and receive impulses
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15
Q

How are muscle cells in animals adapted to their function?

A
  • Mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction
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16
Q

How are root hair cells in plants adapted to their function?

A
  • Large surface area to absorb nutrients and water from soil

- Thin walls that allow for water absorption

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17
Q

How old xylem cells in plants adapted to their function?

A
  • They are strengthened by lignin which helps support the cell
  • It has a continuous hollow tube allowing for water to flow easily
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18
Q

How are flowing cells in plants adapted to their function?

A
  • Sieve plates let dissolved amino acids and sugars to transport up and down the stem
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19
Q

Why cell differentiation important?

A

It allows production of different tissues and organs that perform various vital functions in the body

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20
Q

What’s the purpose of cell division in mature animals?

A

Repair and replacement of cells

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21
Q

What’s the definition of resolution?

A

The smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished

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22
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

It passes a beam of light through a specimen which travels through the eyepiece lens so it can then be observed

23
Q

What are the advantages of light microscopes?

A

Inexpensive

Easy to use

24
Q

What are the disadvantages of light microscopes?

A

Limited resolution and magnification

25
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A

A beam of electrons are focused. The electrons hit a screen which emits visible light to produce an image

26
Q

What are the two types of electron microscope?

A

Transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope

27
Q

What is the advantage of electron microscopes?

A

Greater magnification and resolution

28
Q

Why do electron microscopes have a greater magnification and resolution?

A

Because a beam of electrons has a shorter wavelength than a beam of light

29
Q

How does bacteria multiply?

A

Binary fission

30
Q

How often does bacteria multiply?

A

Every 20 minutes

31
Q

What are the two ways in which bacteria can be grown?

A

Nutrient broth solution

Colonies on an agar gel plate

32
Q

Describe the preparation of an on contaminated culture using aseptic technique:

A

1) Pour sterile agar gel into petri dish
2) Sterilise the inoculating loop(through flame)
3) Dip the inoculating loop into the solution of microorganisms, make streaks with it on the surface of the agar
4) Put the lid on the petri dish and secure it with tape and store upside down
5) Incubate it at 25°

33
Q

Why must petri dishes and culture media be sterilised before use?

A

To kill any bacteria already present

34
Q

Why must inoculating loops be sterilised by passing them thru Bunsen burner flame?

A

To kill any bacteria present on the loop

35
Q

Why must the Petri dish lid be secured with tape and the whole dish stored upside down?

A

Stops bacteria in the air contaminating the culture

upside down - Prevent condensation from forming onto the colonies

36
Q

Why are cultures incubated at 25°?

A

So harmful pathogens are less likely to grow

37
Q

How is the number of bacteria in a population after a certain time calculated from the mean division time?

A
  • Calculate number of times the bacteria will divide in a given time period from the mean division time
  • No. of bacteria in population at end of time period = no. of bacteria at the beginning of the time period x 2 (to the power of no. of divisions in time period)
38
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human body cells?

A

46 (diploid)

39
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of gametes?

A

23 (haploid)

40
Q

What are the three main stages of the cell cycle?

A
  1. Replication of DNA
  2. Mitosis
  3. Division of cell
41
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

Produces identical cells containing the same genetic information and it produces cells for growth and repair

42
Q

What happens in the first stage of the cell cycle?

A

The cell grows and increases in mass the DNA is replicated and there’s more sub-cellular structures

43
Q

What happens in the second stage of the cell cycle?

A

Each chromosome is pulled to opposite poles of the cell then the nucleus divides

44
Q

What happens in the third stage of the cell cycle?

A

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide and two identical daughter cells are produced

45
Q

What is the function of stem cells in embryos?

A

Can replicate themselves and differentiate

They can treat conditions such as paralysis and diabetes by dividing to replace damaged cells

46
Q

What is the function of stem cells in adult bone marrow?

A

They can differentiate into several types of cells to replace dead or damaged tissues

47
Q

What is the function of stem cells in plant meristems?

A

They retain the ability to differentiate into any type of plant cell throughout their life span

48
Q

What is therapeutic cloning? (cloning method)

A

An embryo is produced with the same genetic info as a patient
Embryonic stem cells aren’t rejected by the patient’s immune system, so they can be used to treat certain medical conditions

49
Q

What are the advantages of cloning plants using meristem stem cells?

A

It can prevent rare plants from becoming extinct and it can make a lot of plants with a favourable characteristic

50
Q

What are the issues associated with the use of embryonic stem cells?

A
  • They are sourced from aborted embryos, some people have an ethical objection
  • The development of stem cell therapy is slow expensive and difficult
51
Q

What substances are transported by diffusion in the lungs?

A

Oxygen diffuses into the blood from the lungs and carbon dioxide diffuses into the lungs from the blood

52
Q

What factors increase the effectiveness of a gas exchange surface?

A
  • Large surface area
  • A thin membrane which shortens the diffusion path
  • Efficient blood supply for animals
53
Q

How do plants leaves and stems remain rigid?

A

Water moves in by osmosis causing the vacuole to swell and the cytoplasm to press against the cell wall

Biology (2 decks)

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