B1: Cell Biology Flashcards
Name five subcellular structures that both plant and animal cells have:
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes
What three things do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
Cell wall, permanent vacuole and chloroplasts
Where is the genetic material found in animal cells?
The nucleus
Where is the genetic material found in bacterial cells
The plasmids
What type of organisms are bacteria: prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes
Which gives a higher resolution: a light microscope or an electron microscope?
An electron microscope
What is cell differentiation?
Where a cell changes to become specialised for it’s job
Give three ways that a sperm cell is adapted for swimming to an egg cell:
Long tail, streamlined shape, and contains enzymes to break the surface of the egg
Why are nerve cells so shaped?
So that the branches can form networks with other nerve cells throughout the body
What are chromosomes?
Chromosomes are coiled up lengths of DNA molecules
What is the cell cycle?
A cycle to make new cells for growth, development and repair
What is mitosis used for by multi-cellular organisms?
Creating exact replicas of specific cells within the body
What is the name of the process by which bacteria divide?
Binary fission
What is the maximum temperature a which bacteria should be grown in a school lab?
25 degrees celcius
Give three precautions that could be taken to culture an uncontaminated sample of bacteria:
Sterilise the Petri dish, use inoculating loop, tape the edges of the dish lid down to avoid entry of harmful bacteria
Give two ways that embryonic stem cells could help to treat disease:
Replacing faulty cells, and by therapeutic cloning of the embryo
Why could some be opposed to human embryo use in stem cell research?
Each one is a potential human life that should not be wasted.
What is diffusion?
Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Name three substances that can diffuse through membranes and two that can’t:
Glucose, oxygen and water can diffuse through cell membranes whereas starch and proteins cannot
What type of molecule moves by osmosis?
Water molecules
Give the two main differences between active transport and diffusion:
Uses glucose and the flow of particles is against the concentration gradient
Give three adaptations of exchange surfaces that increase the efficiency of diffusion:
Thin, membrane, large surface area and lots of blood vessels
Give two ways that the villi in the small intestine are adapted for absorbing food:
Single layer of surface cells and a very good blood supply along with a large surface area
Explain how leaves are adapted to maximise carbon dioxide intake into their cells.
Large surface area and air spaces inside the leaf to make the cell wall exchange area larger
