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Biology > B1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Prokaryotic organisms.

A

Small, simple celled organisms.

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2
Q

Define Eukaryotic organisms.

A

Complex celled organisms.

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3
Q

Give an example of Eukaryotic cells.

A

Animal or Plant cells.

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4
Q

Give an example of Prokaryotic cells.

A

Bacteria.

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5
Q

Name the 5 parts of an animal cell.

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
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6
Q

The plant cell has all the parts of the animal cell plus three extra. Name those extra three parts.

A
  • Cell wall
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
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7
Q

What five parts don’t Bacteria cells have that plant cells do.

A
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts
  • Vacuole
  • Nucleus
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8
Q

Bacterial cells don’t have a “true” nucleus - instead they have a …

A

single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm.

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9
Q

What might bacterial cells also contain?

A

Plasmids.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of a microscope?

A

To help us see what we cannot see with the naked-eye.

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11
Q

Light microscopes use…

A

Light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it.

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12
Q

Electron microscopes use…

A

Electrons instead of light to form an image with higher magnification than light microscopes.

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13
Q

What is “higher resolution”?

A

The ability to distinguish between two points and give a sharper image.

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14
Q

What is the importance of electron microscopes?

A

To see smaller things in more detail like the internal structure of mitochondria.

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15
Q

What is the formula for Magnification?

A

Magnification = Image size / real size

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16
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job.

17
Q

What happens as a cell changes?

A

They develop different subcellular structures and turn into different types of cells, allowing them to carry out specific functions.

18
Q

What are the cells that differentiate in mature animals mainly used for?

A

Repairing and replacing cells such as skin or blood cells.

19
Q

What are the five required examples of specialised cells and their specialisations?

A
  • Sperm cells (reproduction)
  • Nerve cells (rapid signalling)
  • Muscle cells (contraction)
  • Root hair cells (absorbing water and minerals)
  • Phloem and Xylem cells (transporting substances)
20
Q

How does the nucleus contain the genetic material of someone?

A

In the form of chromosomes.

21
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules.

22
Q

What does each chromosome carry?

A

A large number of genes.

23
Q

What do genes in chromosomes do?

A

Different genes control the development of different characteristics.

24
Q

How many chromosomes are in the human cell?

A

46 (23 pairs).

25
Q

What is the purpose of the cell cycle?

A

To make new cells for growth, development and repair.

26
Q

____ _____ in ______________ organisms ______ to produce new _____ as part of a series of stages called the ____ ______. (To do with the cell cycle!)

A

BODY CELLS in MULTICELLULAR organisms DIVIDE to produce new CELLS as part of a series of stages called the CELL CYCLE.

27
Q

The stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides is called…

A

Mitosis.

28
Q

Why do multicellular organisms use mitosis.

A

To grow or replace cells that have been damaged.

29
Q

How is the DNA spread out in a cell that is not dividing in the cell cycle?

A

In long strings.

30
Q

Before it divides, what does the cell have to grow and increase the amount of?

A

Subcellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes.

31
Q

What forms around each of the sets of chromosomes during Mitosis?

A

Membranes form around each of the sets.

32
Q

Are stem cells differentiated or undifferentiated?

A

Undifferentiated.

33
Q

What is the importance around Embryonic Stem Cells?

A

They can turn into any type of cell.

34
Q

Undifferentiated cells, called stem cells, can…

examples of what they can do

A
  • Divide to produce lots more undifferentiated cells.
  • Differentiate into different types of cells, depending on what instructions they’re given.
  • Differentiate into specialised cells to use in medicine or research.
35
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

In early human embryos.

36
Q

Where are adult stem cells found?

A

Bone marrow.

37
Q

What can adult stem cells turn into?

A

Certain things such as blood cells.

38
Q

What can stem cells in a lab be grown to produce…

A

Clones.

Biology (1 decks)

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