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Biology > B1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of Cells.

A

Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic

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2
Q

Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells?

A

Prokaryotic are much smaller.
Eukaryotic contain membrane bound organelles and a nucleus containing genetic material.

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3
Q

What is the prokaryotic cell wall composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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4
Q

How is genetic information stored in à prokaryotic cell?

A

It is found free within the Cytoplam.

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5
Q

Plasmids.

A

Small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA.

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6
Q

List the components of both animal and plant cells.

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Mitochondria, Ribosomes.

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7
Q

List the components only found in plant cells.

A

Chloroplasts, Permanent Vacuole, Cell Wall.

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8
Q

Nucleus.

A

Stores genetic information and controls the cell’s activities.

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9
Q

Cytoplasm.

A

Fluid where chemicals reactions occur.

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10
Q

Cell membrane.

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell.

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11
Q

Mitochondria.

A

Site of aerobic respiration.

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12
Q

Ribosomes.

A

Protein Synthesis.

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13
Q

What is the Plant Cell Wall made of?

A

Cellulose.

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14
Q

Function of the Plant Cell Wall.

A

Provides strength.
Prevents the cell bursting when water enters by osmosis.

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15
Q

What does the Permanent Vacuole contain?

A

Cell sap.

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16
Q

Function of the Permanent Vacuole?

A

Supports the cell, maintaining its turgidity.

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17
Q

Function of Chloroplasts.

A

Contains chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight for Photosynthesis.

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18
Q

How are sperm cells adapted to their function?

A

Tail enables movement.
Mitochondria provides energy for tail movement.

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19
Q

How are nerve cells adapted to their function?

A

Long axon allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all over the body from the central nervous system.
Dendrites from the cell body connect to and receive impulses from other nerve cells.

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20
Q

How are muscles cells in animals adapted to their function?

A

Mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction.
Arrangement of protein filaments allows them to slide over each other to produce muscle contraction.

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21
Q

How are root hair cells in plants adapted to their function?

A

Large surface area to absorb nutrients and water from surrounding soil.
Thin walls that do not restrict water absorption.

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22
Q

How are xylem cells in plants adapted to their function?

A

Thick, woody side walls strengthen their structure and prevent collapse.

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23
Q

How are phloem cells adapted to their function?

A

Sieve plates let dissolved amino acids and sugars be transported up and down the stem.

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24
Q

Cell Differentiation.

A

Process by which cells become specialised.

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25
Q

Why is cell differentiation important?

A

Allows production of different tissues and organs that perform various vital functions in the human body.

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26
Q

At what point in the life cycle do most animals differentiate?

A

Early in their life cycle.

27
Q

For how long do plant cells retain the ability to differentiate?

A

Throughout their entire life cycle.

28
Q

What is the purpose of cell division in mature animals?

A

Repair and replacement of cells.

29
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

Passes a beam of light through a specimen which travels through the eyepiece lens, allowing the specimen to be observed.

30
Q

3 Advantages of Light Microscopes.

A

Inexpensive (Cheap).
Easy to use.
Portable.

31
Q

Disadvantage of Light Microscopes.

A

Limited Resolution.

32
Q

How does an electron microscope work?

A

It used a beam of electrons which are focused using magnets. The electrons hit a fluorescent screen which emits visible light, producing an image.

33
Q

Name the two types of Electron Microscopes.

A

Transmission electron microscope.
Scanning electron microscope.

34
Q

Advantage of Electron Microscopes.

A

Higher magnification and resolution.

35
Q

Disadvantages of Electron Microscopes.

A

Expensive.
Large so less portable.
Only dead specimens can be observed.

36
Q

Magnification Formula.

A

Image Size / Real Size.

37
Q

What are Chromosomes made up of?

A

Consist of DNA molecules combined with proteins.

38
Q

Gene.

A

A section of DNA which codes for a Protein.

39
Q

How many chromosomes are found are found in the nucleus of human body cells?

A

46

40
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of gametes?

A

23

41
Q

How are chromosomes arranged in the nucleus of a body cell?

A

Arranges in pairs - 46 chromosomes form 23 pairs.

42
Q

3 main stages of the cell cycle.

A

Replication of DNA and synthesis of organelles.
Mitosis.
Division of cell.

43
Q

DNA Replication and Synthesis of Organelles - Stage 1.

A

Cells grow and increase in mass, replicate DNA and synthesise more organelles.

44
Q

Mitosis - Stage 2.

A

Each chromosome in a pair is pulled to opposite poles of the cell, then the nucleus divides.

45
Q

Division of Cell - Stage 3.

A

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide - two identical daughter cells are produced.

46
Q

Stem Cell.

A

Unspecialised cells which is capable of differentiating into other cell types and of self-renewal.

47
Q

Function of stem cells in embryos.

A

Embryonic stem cells may be able to treat conditions such as paralysis and diabetes by dividing to replace damaged cells.

48
Q

Function in stem cells in adult bone marrow.

A

They can differentiate to replace dead or damaged tissues. For example, they can form many different types of blood cells.

49
Q

Therapeutic Cloning.

A

A cloning method where an embryo is produced with the same genetic makeup as the patient. The stem cells will not be rejected by the patient’s immune system, so can be used to treat certain medical conditions.

50
Q

Advantages of cloning plants using meristem stem cells.

A

Can prevent rare plants from becoming extinct.
Can produce identical plants for research.

51
Q

Issues associated with the use of embryonic stem cells?

A

Development of stem cell therapies is slow, expensive, and difficult.
Adult stem cells infected with viruses could transfer infections to patients.

52
Q

Diffusion.

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

53
Q

3 main factors affecting the rate of diffusion.

A

Concentration gradient.
Temperature.
Surface area.

54
Q

Give example of substances transported by diffusion in the lungs and the kidney.

A

Lungs: Oxygen diffuses into the blood from the lungs and carbon dioxide diffuses into the lungs from the blood.
Kidney: Urea diffuses from cells into blood plasma so it can be excreted in urine.

55
Q

How are single-celled organisms adapted for diffusion?

A

Large surface area to volume ratio, maximising the rate of diffusion.

56
Q

4 factors that increase the effectiveness of gas exchange surface?

A

Large surface area.
Thin membrane.
Good blood supply.
Ventilation.

57
Q

Osmosis.

A

The movement of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

58
Q

Isotonic Solution.

A

Concentrations of the external and internal solutions are the same.

59
Q

Hypertonic Solution.

A

Concentration of the external solution is higher than the internal solution.

60
Q

Hypotonic Solution.

A

Concentration of the external solution is lower than the internal solution.

61
Q

Active Transport.

A

The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration, against the concentration gradient, using energy from respiration.

62
Q

How do plant root hair cells use active transport?

A

Root hair cells use active transport to take up mineral ions from a more dilute solution in soils.

63
Q

How is active transport used to absorb the products of digestion?

A

Used to transport glucose from a lower concentration in the gut to a higher concentration in the blood, which is then transported to the tissues where it can be used for respiration.

Biology (2 decks)

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