B1 Cell Biology Flashcards
What type of cells are Animal and plant cells?
Eukaryotic
Why are animal and plant cells classed as ‘eukaryotic’?
They have genetic material (DNA) formed in chromosomes that is contained in the nucleus.
Do animal cells and plant cells both have a cell membrane?
Yes, they do!
What is the purpose of a cell membrane?
It controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell.
Do animal cells and plant cells both have a nucleus?
Yep, they do!
What is the purpose of a cell membrane?
It controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell.
What is the purpose of a nucleus?
It contains DNA.
What is the purpose of a cell membrane?
It controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell.
Do plant cells and animal cells both have mitochondria?
Absolutely, they both do!
What is the purpose of mitochondria?
It’s where energy is released through respiration.
Do plant cells and animal cells both have ribosomes?
Yep, both do!
What is the purpose of ribosomes?
The site of protein synthesis.
Do animal cells and plant cells both have cytoplasm?
Yes!
What’s the purpose of cytoplasm?
It’s a jelly-like substance where chemical reactions happen.
Do plant and animal cells both have permanent vacuoles?
Nope, only plant cells!
What is the purpose of permanent vacuoles?
They contain cell sap.
Do plant and animal cells both have chloroplasts?
No, only plant cells!
What’s the purpose of chloroplasts?
They contain chlorophyll to absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
Do animal and plant cells both have cell walls?
Nah, only plant cells.
What’s the purpose of cell walls?
They’re made of cellulose which strengthens the cell.
What type of cell are bacteria?
Prokaryotic!
What characteristics do bacteria have?
•single-celled
•no nucleus (have a single loop of DNA)
•have small rings of DNA called plasmids
•smaller than eukaryotic cells
Do bacteria have a cell membrane?
Yes!
Do bacteria have a cell wall?
Absolutely!
Do bacteria have cytoplasm?
Yeah!
Do bacteria have plasmid DNA?
Yep! They may even have more than one!
Do bacteria have a nucleus?
Nope!
Do bacteria have a bacterial DNA loop?
Yep!
Do bacteria have a flagellum?
Sure do!
What are the positives and negatives of light microscopes?
•uses light to form images
•living samples can be viewed
•relatively cheap
•low magnification
•low resolution
What are the positives and negatives of Electron microscopes?
•uses a beam of electrons to form images
•samples cannot be living
•expensive
•high magnification
•high resolution
What is the equation to calculate magnification of an image?
Magnification= image size÷ actual size
Name 5 specialised cells
Sperm cell, red blood cell, muscle cell, nerve cell, root hair cell, palisade cell
What is the function of a sperm cell?
To fertilise an ovum (egg)
What is the function of a red blood cell?
To transport oxygen around the body
What is the function of a muscle cell?
To contract and relax to allow movement
What is the function of a nerve cell?
To carry electrical impulses around the body.
What is the function of a root hair cell?
To absorb mineral ions.
What is the function of a palisade cell?
To enable photosynthesis.
What are adaptations of sperm cells?
•tail to swim to the ovum and fertilise it
•lots of mitochondria to release energy from respiration, enabling the sperm to swim to the ovum
What are the adaptations of red blood cells?
•no nucleus so more room the carry oxygen
•contains a red pigment called haemoglobin that binds to oxygen molecules
•flat bi-concave disc shape to increase surface area-to-volume ratio
What are the adaptations of muscle cells?
•contains protein fibers which can contract to make the cells shorter
•contains lots of mitochondria to release energy from respiration, allowing the muscles to contract
What are the adaptations of nerve cells?
•branched endings, called dendrites, to make connections with other neurones or effectors
•myelin sheath insulates the axon to increase the transmission speed of the electrical impulses
What are the adaptations of root hair cells?
•long projection speeds up the absorption of water and mineral ions by increasing the surface area of the cell
•lots of mitochondria to release energy for the active transport of mineral ions from the soil
What are the adaptations of palisade cells?
•lots of chloroplasts containing chlorophyll to absorb light energy
•located at the top surface of the leaf where it can absorb the most light energy
