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Biology > B1: Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1: Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Cell?

A

The fundamental building blocks of life

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2
Q

What is an eukaryotic cell?

A

A complex cell such as an animal or plant cell

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3
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A smaller and simpler cell compared to eukaryotes, such as Bacteria Cells

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4
Q

What is the Nucleus’ function?

A

To store genetic material and control activities in cells

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5
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

It’s a gel-like substance where most chemical reactions take place contains enzymes

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6
Q

What is a Cell Membrane?

A

It controls what goes in and out of the cell, holds cell together

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7
Q

What are the functions of a ribosome?

A

To create proteins

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8
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place, transfers energy to the cell

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Made from cellulose to support the cell and strengthen it

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10
Q

What is the role of the permanent vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap (solution of sugar and salts)

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11
Q

What is the role of the chloroplast?

A

The place where photosynthesis takes place makes food for the plant cell. It contains chlorophyll which absorbs light

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12
Q

What is a plasmid, where is it found?

A

A small ring of DNA found in Bacteria cells

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13
Q

How is DNA stored in Bacteria Cells?

A

A single circular strand of DNA which floats freely in the cytoplasm

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14
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

magnification = image size ÷ real size

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15
Q

What is used to highlight cells when used on a microscope

A

iodine solution

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16
Q

What is put on top of the stained cells in onion experiment?

A

Cover Slip

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17
Q

What microscope is stronger?

A

Electron, light is weaker

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18
Q

What is meant by resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two points

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19
Q

What is cell differentiation

A

when the cell becomes specialised for its job

20
Q

What is difference between animals and plants with cell differentiation

A

In animal cells it only happens during early stages however plants dont lose this ability ever

21
Q

What are undifferentiated cells called

A

stem cells

22
Q

How are sperm cells specialised

A

A long flagellum and streamlined head helps it swim to the egg. loads of mitochondria to provide it with enough energy

23
Q

How are nerve cells specialised

A

Have axons which are really long to get throughout the body, myelin sheath makes the electrical currents travel faster

24
Q

How are muscle cells specialised

A

Contract quickly and contains loads of mitochondria

25
Q

How are root hair cells specialised

A

They have no chloroplast beacause they are underground so cant absorb light, have a large surface area to absorb more water + mineral ions

26
Q

How are phloems and xylems specialised

A

Allows substance to be transported

27
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a human have (normally)

A

23 pairs, 23 from your mother, 23 from your father

28
Q

what does most of cell cycle consist of?

A

growth and DNA replication (mitosis is the rest)

29
Q

What happens before mitosis

A

mitochodria and ribosomes increase (amount) DNA duplicates and form X-shaped chromosomes.

30
Q

What happens during Mitosis

A

Chromosomes line up in the centre and two arms of each chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell.
Membranes form on each side, these become nuclei (the nucleus has split)
Lastly the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide

31
Q

What are the cells called after mitosis

A

2 identical daughter cells

32
Q

What is Binary fission

A

How prokaryotic cells replicate

33
Q

What is used to grow bacteria

A

Petri Dishes which have agar jelly inside

34
Q

At what temp. should a culture be kept at, at school? why?

A

25C, harmful pathogens are likely to grow above that temp

35
Q

What is the circle around the antibiotics called in a petri dish

A

the inhibition zone, the place where bacteria can’t grow

36
Q

How do you sterilize an incubating loop

A

You place it over a bunsen burner until it turns yellow

37
Q

How should the petri dish be placed

A

upside down to avoid the condensation to drop down, taped too

38
Q

Where can stem cells be found

A

In bone marrow (adults), embryos

39
Q

What is a risk of growing stem cells

A

Could become contaminated by a virus

40
Q

Why are some people against stem cell research

A

Because they believe you are making the human life suffer, Only God can take life

41
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants

A

In meristems, it can be differentiated at any time in its life

42
Q

What can meristems be used for

A

To create identical copies of plants

43
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of partivels from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

44
Q

What are factors of cell membranes

A

The concentration gradient (directly proportional), surface area (directly proportional)

45
Q

What is osmosis

A

movement of water molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane

Biology (4 decks)

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