B1 cell biology

Question 1

name 5 subcelluar structures that are in both animal and plant cells?

Answer 1

nuceleus
cytoplasm
mitochondria
ribosomes
cell membrane

Question 2

what three things do plant cells have that animals dont?

Answer 2

cell wall
vacuole
chloroplasts

Question 3

where is the genetic material found in the animal cells

Answer 3

the nucleus

Question 4

where is the genetic material found in bacteria cells

Answer 4

a single circular strand floating around or small rings of dna called plasmids

Question 5

what type of organisms are bacteria?

Answer 5

prokaryotes

Question 6

what type of organisms are animal cells?

Answer 6

eukaryotes

Question 7

which gives a higher resolution? electron/light microscope

Answer 7

electron microscope

Question 8

what is the role of the nucleus?

Answer 8

contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

Question 9

what is the cytoplasm?

Answer 9

a gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happens, it contains enzymes that control these reactions.

Question 10

what is the role of the cell membrane?

Answer 10

holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

Question 11

what is the role of the mitochondria?

Answer 11

these are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place. respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work

Question 12

what is the role of the ribosomes?

Answer 12

where proteins are made in the cell

Question 13

what is the role of the cell wall

Answer 13

made of cellulose, it supports the cell and strengthens it

Question 14

what is the role of the vacuole?

Answer 14

contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts

Question 15

what is the role of the chloroplasts?

Answer 15

where photosynthesis happens, makes food for the plant. contain chlorophyll which absorbs the light

Question 16

what is cell differentiation?

Answer 16

is the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

Question 17

three ways a sperm cell is adapted for its job

Answer 17

long tail and streamlined head to help it swim
lots of mitochondria to provide energy
enzymes in its head to digest through the egg cell membrane

Question 18

why are nerve cells shaped the way they are?

Answer 18

they are long to cover more distance and have branched connections at their ends to connect to other cells and form a network

Question 19

what are chromosones?

Answer 19

they are coiled up lengths of dna molecules

Question 20

what is the cell cycle?

Answer 20

is a process that makes new cells for growth, development and repair it has two steps, growth and dna replication, mitosis

Question 21

two ways embryonic stem cells could be used to cure diseases

Answer 21

replace faulty cells (insulin producing cells for people with diabetes, nerve cells for people paralysed)

Question 22

why might some people be opposed to using embryonic stem cells

Answer 22

it is a potential human life

Question 23

what is diffusion

Answer 23

diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Question 24

name four substances that can diffuse through cell membranes

Answer 24

oxygen
glucose
amino acids
water

Question 25

name two substances that cant diffuse through cell membranes

Answer 25

starch
protein

Question 26

what is osmosis?

Answer 26

is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

Question 27

what is active transport

Answer 27

a substance moving from a lower concentration to a higher concentration (against the gradient)

Question 28

what type of molecules move by osmosis?

Answer 28

water molecules

Question 29

explain the cell cycle

Answer 29

the cell has to grow and increase the amount of subcellular structure
it duplicates its dna, the dna is copied and forms x-shaped chromosomes
mitosis, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart, the two arms of the chromosome go to opposite ends of the cell
membrane form around each of the sets of chromosomes and these become the nuclei of the new cells, the nucleus has divided. lastly the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide.

Question 30

three ways exchange surfaces are adapted

Answer 30

thin membrane, only have a short distance to diffuse
large surface area, so lots of substance can diffuse at once
lots of blood vessels, to get stuff in and out

Question 31

two ways the villi are adapted in the small intestine to digest food

Answer 31

create big surface area so more food can be absorbed quicker
good bloody supply to assist quick absorption