B1 Cards Flashcards
What are Non Communicable Diseases
diseases that cannot be passed from person to person and arent caused by pathogens
What are some examples of non communicable diseases
cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, most types of cancer
Name 3 risk factors for communicable heart disease
diet high in fat and low in vegetables which increases cholesterol in the blood, diet high in salt increases blood pressure, smoking
name 2 risk factors for lung cancer
smoking, cigarette smoke (carcinogens)
what are the effects of smoking while pregnant
increase in chance of miscarriage and premature birth
what are the effects of drinking while pregnant
can cause fetal alcohol syndrome which causes mental and physical disabilities
what are the effects of alcohol on adults
increase risk to liver cirrhosis and liver cancer
how do you get type 2 diabetes
struggle to control blood glucose levels, mostly from being obese
what is radon
radioactive gas that increases risk of developing lung cancer
how does the immune system protect us against pathogens
destroys pathogens, toxins and protects from same type of pathogen
what do white blood cells do
detects chemicals, moves towards it and ingest and destroy pathogens
why do plants use light
source of energy
what is photosynthesis
the reaction that plants use to trap light energy. Leaves contain the green chemical chlorophyll, which absorb light energy
what is the photosynthesis equation
CO2 + H2O -> C6 H12 O6 + O2
what is the hypothesis to photosynthesis
as light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will increase however it eventually caps off
how can vaccination prevent illness
it introduces small dosages of a dead or inactive pathogen so the body learns to fight it
how can vaccination prevent the spread of illnesses
through herd immunity
state the steps for an iodine test for starch
Place 1 spatula of the food sample on a dish, place a few drops of iodine with a dropper and record any change in colour
state the steps for a benedict test to reduce sugar
Place 2 spatulas of the food sample into a test tube, add equal volume of benedict solution, place the tube in a water bath at 95 degrees for a few minutes and record colour
state the steps for a biuret test for protein
place 1-2 spatulas of the food sample into the test tube, add equal volume of potassium hydroxide solution to the tube and stir, add 2 drops of copper sulfate and stir for 2 minutes and record colour
state the steps for an emulsion test for lipids
place 2 spatulas of food sample into a test tube, add 2cm^3 of ethanol to the tube, cover the end and shake and then let it settle. pour the liquid in the mixture and see if the water is cloudy or not
how are new medicines discovered
usually found in chemicals extracted from a plant
what is clinical testing
low doses are given to healthy volunteers, from there doctors continue testing to find the correct dosage
what is a placebo
tablet or injection with no active drug in it
what is a double blind trial
a test group and scientists dont know who get the actual drug, which stops bias from doctors
how to calculate biomass
increase biomass(gross) - decrease biomass(gross)
what is a pathogen
microorganisms that cause infectious disease
how do bacteria and viruses cause illness
bacteria reproduce very rapidly in the human body, then they release toxins which damage tissues and make us feel ill. viruses reproduce when inside a host cell
how is the spread of pathogens prevented
vaccination, condoms, isolation
what is a eukaryotic cell and name an example
organisms that have a nucleus
what is a prokaryotic cell and name an example
single cell organisms that dont have a nucleus
what are the main differences between a eukaryote and prokaryote
eukaryotes have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles while prokaryotes don’t. prokaryotes have a cell size of 0.5 to 100um while eukaryotes have a size from 10-150um
how many cm in a metre
100
how many micrometers (um) in a metre
1000000
describe the process of anaerobic respiration
glucose into lactic acid and energy
describe the process of aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen turns into carbon dioxide + water and energy
what is the magnification formula
magnification = size of image/size of real object
what does osmosis mean
the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane
how does osmosis affect animal and plant cells
they do not have a cell wall, so will change size and shape when put into solutions that are at a different concentration to the cell contents
what is meant by diffusion
particles spreading out from an area with high concentration to an area with low concentration
what affects the rate of diffusion
temperature
what are differences between communicable and new communicable diseases?
communicable spread from person to person and non communicable cannot be
what is the set up for photosynthesis practical?
set up the boiling tube containing 45^3 of sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. allow the tube to stand for a few minutes and shake to disperse air bubbles. cut a 8cm piece of pondweed and place in the boiling tube. position the pondweed 10cm away from the light source. allow the boiling tube to stand for 5 minutes. count the number of bubbles emerging from the cut end of the stems in 1 minute. calculate the average number of bubbles produced per minute and repeat at different distances
what is an enzyme
enzymes are large protein molecules which have an active site, where the substrate attaches to
describe the enzymes in the digestive system
the substrate must fit perfectly into the active site (lock and key theory)
describe the role of bile
helps speed up digestion of lipids
