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Year 9 Biology exam B1 and B2 > B1 and B2 > Flashcards

B1 and B2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

Magnification = image size/real size

Image size= real size x magnification

Real size= image size/magnification

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2
Q

What is the magnification of a microscope that sees a 0.4 mm cell that is seen as an 80 mm image?

A

x 200

(80/0.4)

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3
Q

What is the size of the image produced when a 0.1mm cell is magnified by 400?

A

40 mm

(0.1 X 400)

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4
Q

A nucleus is measured 0.005 mm in diameter. How many micrometers is this?

A

5 micrometers

(0.005 x 1000)

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5
Q

Arrange thise structures in order of size, largest first:

bacterium

liver cell

nucleus

ribosome

A
  1. liver cell
  2. nucleus
  3. bacterium
  4. ribosome
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6
Q

What are the parts of the animal cell?

A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Cell membrane
  4. Mitchondria
  5. Ribosomes
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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It controls the activities of the cell and contains the genetic material

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8
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

This is where most of the chemical reactions take place.

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It controls the passage of stubstances into and out of the cell.

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10
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

This is where aerobic respiration takes place. (energy is made)

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11
Q

What is the function of the Ribosomes?

A

This is where proteins are synthesesised (made).

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12
Q

What are the parts of the plant cell?

A

All the parts of the animal cell +

  1. Cell wall
  2. Permanent vacuole
  3. Chloroplasts (apart from root cells)
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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

It is made out of cellulose which strengthens the cell

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14
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

It is fill with cell sap which supports the plant.

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15
Q

What is the functions of the chloroplasts?

A

They absorb light to make food (glucose) by photosynthesis.

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16
Q

Why do root cell have no chlorplasts?

A

Because the roots don’t receive any sun light

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17
Q

What are eurokaryotic cells?

A

plant, animal and fungal cells

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18
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria cells

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19
Q

What are the difference between the two types of cell?

A

Prokaryotic cells are:

  1. simpler and smaller in size
  2. no nucleus with genetic material
  3. genetic material is in DNA loops called plasmids
  4. no mitochondria or chloroplasts
  5. They come in different shapes (spiral, rod, spherical)
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20
Q

What are the parts of a typical bacterial cell?

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. cytoplasm
  3. Plasmid DNA
  4. Chromosomal DNA
  5. Flagella
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21
Q

What is the function of Flagella?

A

They are tail like structure that move the bacteria

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22
Q

Where is DNA found in a bacterium?

A

Floating free in the cytoplasm

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23
Q

Why are plasmids useful for scientists?

A

They are used in genetic engineering because the can be inserted into bacteria.

24
Q

What developed first Prokaryotic or eurkaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic because they are simpler

25
Q

What are examples of specialised cells?

A

Red blood cell,

white blood cell,

neuron,

sperm cell,

muscles cells,

root hair cells,

palisade leaf cell,

ciliated hair cell

26
Q

How is a red blood cell adapted to its function?

A

Function: to carry blood round the body

Adaptation: no nucleus, large surface area

27
Q

How are Neurons (nerve cells) adapted to their function?

A

Function: to carry electrical impulses round the body

Adaptation: very long so it can reach far part of the body

28
Q

How are sperm cells adapted to their function?

A

Function: to reach and fertilise the female egg

Adaptation: Flagellum (tail) for swimming, many mitochondria for extra energy

29
Q

How are muscle cells adapted to their function?

A

Function: to expand and contract to move the body

adaptations: lots of mitochondria to help release energy

30
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to their function?

A

Function: to absorb water and mineral ions

Adaptation: Large surface area, thin cell wall, many mitochondria to help active transport

31
Q

How are white blood cells adapted to their function?

A

Function: to fight disease by killing bacteria and releasing antibodies

Adaptation: can change shape, allowing them to engulf and destroy microbes

32
Q

How are palisade leaf cells adapted to their function?

A

Function: to capture light energy for photosynthesis

Adaptations: many chloroplasts to help photosynthesis, large surface area to absorb lots of light

33
Q

How is a ciliated hair cell adapted to its function?

A

Function: to prevent lung damage

Adaptation: tiny hairs to catch and move mucus and bacteria

34
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of particles in and out of cells from area of high concentration to low concentration

35
Q

Where does diffusion happen in animals?

A

Lungs (gas exchange O2/CO2)

small intestines (digested food into blood)

36
Q

Where does diffusion happen in plants?

A

In and out of leaf (gas exchange CO2/O2)

water in roots

37
Q

What factors increase the rate of diffusion?

A
  1. increase in temperature
  2. larger, thinner surface area
  3. increase in concentration gradient
38
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

The movement of water particles from area of high to low concentration across a semipermeable membrane

39
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles from and area of low to high concentration requiring energy from respiration.

40
Q

Why is active transport needed?

A
  1. in plants roots to absorb minerals from the soil
  2. for animals to allow sugar molecules to be absorbed from the gut into the blood
41
Q

A person opens a bottle of perfume. Why do people in the room smell it faster on a warm day?

A

The perfume diffuses faster on a warm day

42
Q

What is required for substances to be absorbed against a concentration gradient?

A

Energy from respiration

43
Q

What are chromosomes?

Where are they found?

A
  1. Chromosomes are made of DNA and carry genes.
  2. They are found in pairs (one from each parent) in the nucleus.
44
Q

What are genes?

A

Different genes contain the code to make different proteins and so control the development of different characteristics, for example eye colour

45
Q

How many chromosomes are there in humans?

A

46 (23 pairs)

46
Q

How do cells grow?

A

They go through a series of changes involving growth and division called the cell cycle.

47
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When the cell divides into two identical cells.

48
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Each chromosome copies itself.
  2. One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell.
  3. The nucleus divides.
  4. The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two identical cells.
49
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

It makes new cells for:

  1. growth and development of organisms
  2. repair of damaged tissues
  3. asexual production
50
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Cells that are undifferentiated - they have not yet become specialised.

51
Q

What kind of stell cells are there?

A
  1. Embryonic stem cells - found in human embryos, they can make all types of cells,
  2. Adult stem cells- found in organs and tissues e.g. bone marrow - they can make only certain types of cells, their capacity to divide is limited
52
Q

What are stem cells used for?

A

IN HUMANS:

  1. Treating medical conditions e.g. diabetes
  2. Replace damaged cells

IN PLANTS:

  1. Rare species can be cloned to protect them from extinction
  2. large numbers of plants with special features such as disease resistance can be made
53
Q

Why are some people concerned about using stem cells from embryos?

A
  1. There may be af risk such as the transfer of an infection.
  2. Religous or ethical reasons.
54
Q

What are the advantages of using therapeutic cloning?

A

Stem cells from the cloned embryo will not be rejected by the patient’s body, so could be useful in treating diseases

55
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

In meristems.

Year 9 Biology exam B1 and B2 (1 decks)

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