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OCR Biology > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are eukaryotes

A

eg. animals and plants
made from complex cells called eukaryotic cells
contain sub-cellular structures

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2
Q

what are prokaryotes

A

eg: bacteria
smaller simpler cells called prokaryotic cells
contain sub-cellular structures

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3
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

control cells activities

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4
Q

name the structures within eukaryotic cells

A

animal: nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, cell membrane
plant: rigid cell wall, chloroplasts, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, cell membrane

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5
Q

name the structures within a prokaryotic cell

A

bacteria: chromosomal DNA, plasmids, cell membrane

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6
Q

3 types of microscopes

A

light microscopes
electron microscopes
transmission electron microscopes

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7
Q

name the 7 parts of a light microscope

A 
eyepiece lens
objective lens
stage
clip
handle
lamp
focussing knobs
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8
Q

what’s the formula for total magnification

A

total magnification = eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification

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9
Q

formula to work out the magnification of an image

A

magnification = image size / real size

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10
Q

what is DNA

A

contains all the genetic material
arranged into chromosomes
divided into short sections called genes
double helix

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11
Q

what are the complementary base pairs

A

A-T

C-G

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12
Q

structure of a nucleotide

A

consists of a phosphate, sugar and a base

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13
Q

what is a polymer

A

large complex molecules composed of long chains of monomers

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14
Q

what do enzymes do

A

speed up reactions without being changed or used up themselves

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15
Q

what is the risk if the temperature gets raised too high in a reaction

A

cells could get damaged

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16
Q

what is another name for enzyme

A

biological catalysts

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17
Q

what is a substrate

A

the molecule changed in a reaction

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18
Q

what is an active site

A

the part where it joins on to its substrate to catalyse the reaction

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19
Q

what Does denatured mean

A

loses its shape, the substrate doesn’t fit

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20
Q

what is the optimum temperature for humans

A

37 degrees Celsius

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21
Q

the ……… the substrate concentration the ……….. the reaction

A

higher

faster

22
Q

what is respiration

A

the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose

23
Q

what is glucose used to make

A

ATP

24
Q

what are the two types of respiration

A

aerobic and anaerobic

25
Q

what is the equation for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

26
Q

does anaerobic respiration use oxygen?

A

no

27
Q

anaerobic produces How much molecules of ATP

A

2

28
Q

anaerobic respiration equation for animals

A

glucose -> lactic acid

29
Q

anaerobic respiration equation for plants and fungi

A

glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

30
Q

what are biological molecules

A

molecules found in living organisms things like carbohydrates proteins and lipids. generally long complex molecules made up of smaller basic units

31
Q

what do carbohydrates contain

A

carbon hydrogen and oxygen

32
Q

what do amino acids contain

A

carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen

33
Q

what do lipids contain

A

carbon hydrogen and oxygen

34
Q

what are carbohydrates made up of

A

simple sugars eg fructose and glucose

35
Q

what are proteins made from

A

amino acids

36
Q

what are proteins broke down by

A

enzymes in the stomach

37
Q

what are lipids broken down by

A

enzymes in small intestine

38
Q

what is a gene

A

a section of DNA that codes for a particular protein

39
Q

what is respiration

A

the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose

40
Q

is respiration an exo or endo reaction

A

exothermic reaction

41
Q

name the type of respiration that requires oxygen

A

aerobic respiration

42
Q

give an example of when lactic acid would be produced as a product of respiration

A

when animals respire anaerobically

43
Q

which form of respiration transfers more energy per glucose molecule

A

aerobic respiration

44
Q

briefly describe an experiment to show that carbon dioxide is a product of respiration

A

put hydrogen carbonate indicator into 2 test tubes.
add boiled beans into one test tube on gauze and in another test tube put the germinating beans on gauze. seal tubes with bung. leave them for a set time. the carbon dioxide produced should have turned the hydrogen carbonate indicator yellow. the tube with the germinating beans turned yellow and the boiled bean tube stayed red.

45
Q

what type of polymer do you get when you join together simple sugars

A

carbohydrates such as starch

46
Q

name the basic units lipids are made from

A

fatty acids and glycerol

47
Q

what can you conclude if a test sample turns a black-blue colour when iodine is added

A

that starch is present

48
Q

how would you test for lipids in a sample solution

A

u would use the emulsion test, shake the test substance with ethanol until dissolved pour into water and if lipids are present a milky emulsion will show

49
Q

in what part of the cell does photosynthesis take place

A

chloroplasts

50
Q

give three factors that can limit the rate of photosynthesis

A

light intensity, temperature, concentration of carbon dioxide

51
Q

explain how photosynthesis contributes to a plants biomass

A

some the glucose is used to make larger complex molecules that the plants or algae need to grow that makes up the organisms biomass

OCR Biology (6 decks)

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