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Biology > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

A cell with genetic material in a nucleus

Ranges between 10 and 100 nanometers

E.g Animal cells, plant cells

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2
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

Cells with genetic material floating about in the cytoplasm (no nucleus)

Ranges between 1 and 10 nanometers

E.g bacterium

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3
Q

Animal Cell Structure

A

Nucleus - Controls the activities of the cell, contains genetic material, and contains instructions to make new cells/organisms

Mitochondria - Where respiration occurs

Cell membrane - A selective barrier that controls which substances pass in and out of the cell

Cytoplasm - A jellylike substance which hosts the chemical reactions that keeps the cell alive, and hosts the other sub cellular structures

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4
Q

Plant Cell Structure

A

Nucleus - Controls the activities of the cell, contains genetic material, and contains instructions to make new cells/organisms

Mitochondria - Where respiration occurs

Cell membrane - A selective barrier that controls which substances pass in and out of the cell

Cytoplasm - A jellylike substance which hosts the chemical reactions that keeps the cell alive, and hosts the other sub cellular structures

AND

Chloroplast - Contain chlorophyll, that transfers energy from the Sun to the plant via light. Chlorophyll causes the chloroplast to be green, causing parts of the plant with chloroplasts to be green

Vacuole - A sac full of cell sap (solution of sugar and salts). It helps keep the cell rigid, and therefore supports the entire plant and keeps it upright

Cell Wall - A tough substance called cellulose that surrounds the cell. It makes the wall rigid and supports the cell

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5
Q

Structure of (most) Prokaryotes

A

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

Some bacterial (prokaryote) cells also have

A

Flagellum - A tail-like structure that allows the cell to travel through liquids

Pili - Tiny hairlike structures that enable the cell to attach to other structures, e.g cells in your digestive tract. In bacteria they’re also used to transfer genetic material

Slime capsule - a thin layer outside the cell wall that protects bacteria from drying out, from toxic substances, and allows it to stick to smooth surfaces

Plasmid - a circular piece of DNA that stores extra genes that may be needed in times of stress, e.g. genes for antibiotic resistance

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7
Q

Light microscope

A

A microscope that uses light to observe small structures in detail

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8
Q

Light microscope method

A
  1. Move the stage to its lowest position
  2. Select the objective lens with the lowest magnification
  3. Place the slide, with cells on it, on the stage
  4. Turn the coarse knob slowly until you see a (usually blurred) image of the object
  5. Turn the fine focus knob slowly until you see a clear image of the object
  6. To see cells in greater detail, repeat the steps above, but use a different objective lens
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9
Q

Magnification equation

A

Total magnification = eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification

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10
Q

Stains

A

Used to make colourless cells easier to observe, or highlight specific sub cellular structure

Common stains:
Methylene blue - nucleus of an animal cell

Iodine solution - nucleus of a plant cell

Crystal violet - cell walls of bacteria

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11
Q

Electron microscope

A

Uses electrons instead of light to produce an image

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12
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

Produce the most magnified images

Work like light microscopes, but instead a beam of electrons passes through a very thin slice of an object

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13
Q

Scanning Electron Microscope

A

These produce a 3D image of a surface by sending a beam of electrons across the surface

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14
Q

Light Microscopes vs Electron Microscopes

A 
Light Microscope:
Cheap to buy and easy to operate
Small and portable
Simple to prepare a sample
Specimens can be living or dead (light microscopes need a dead specimen)

Electron microscope:
Gives black and white images, but colour can be added (light microscopes give the natural colour unless a stain is used)
Resolution: 1x10^(-10) vs light microscope - 2x10^(-7)

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15
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. This substance contains all the instructions that determine your characteristics

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16
Q

Chromosome

A

A long strand of DNA. Half of all your chromosome are inherited from your mother, the other half from your father

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17
Q

Gene

A

A short section of DNA. The code of a gene contains specific proteins to be made. These proteins determine the cell’s function

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18
Q

DNA is…

A

Made up of two strands, forming a double helix

Made up of small units called nucleotides

A polymer

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19
Q

Nucleotide Structure

A

Circle - phosphate

Pentagon - sugar (deoxyribose)

Rectangle - base

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20
Q

There are 4 different types of nucleotide, because there are 4 different bases. These are:

A

A - adenine

T - thymine

C - cytosine

G - guanine

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21
Q

Complementary Base Pairing

A

When bases bond together to hold the two strains of DNA together. A base from one strand bonds with the base from another.

A-T, C-G

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22
Q

Transcription

A

A process through which DNA leaves the nucleus

23
Q

Transcription Process

A

DNA can’t leave the nucleus because it’s too big

Instead, a copy of the DNA called mRNA is sent

To create mRNA, the DNA ‘unzips’ so that strands are separated

One of the strands acts as a template for mRNA

Complementary Bases attach to the strand being copied, but there’s no thymine in mRNA so Uracil instead bonds with Adenine

When complete, the DNA strands ‘zip’ back up and the mRNA travels out of the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

24
Q

Translation

A

A process by which proteins are made

25
Q

Translation

A

The ribosome ‘reads’ the nucleotides on the mRNA in groups of three

These groups are called base triplets/codons. Each triplet codes for a specific amino acid

The ribosome continues to ‘read’ the triplet code, adding more and more amino acids

The amino acids join together to form a chain. This is a protein

The order of amino acids is very important, as it determines how the protein will fold. This is significant to the protein’s function

26
Q

Enzyme

A

Biological catalyst

27
Q

Anabolic enzyme

A

Builds larger molecules from smaller ones, such as in protein synthesis

28
Q

Catabolic

A

Breaks down large molecules into smaller ones, such as digestion

29
Q

Active site

A

Where substances bind to an enzyme

30
Q

Substrate

A

The molecule that bonds to the enzyme

31
Q

Lock and Key Hypothesis

A

When enzymes bind to a specific substrate

32
Q

Factor that affects enzymes: temperature

A

At higher temperatures the enzyme and substrate move faster and collide, generally meaning that a higher temperature means a faster reaction

33
Q

Factor that affects enzymes: pH

A

Each enzyme has its optimum pH, and a change in pH affects the amino acids in a chain

E.g Pepsin is found in the stomach (very acidic optimum pH) whereas pancreatic amylase is found in the small intestines (slightly alkaline pH)

34
Q

Factor that affects enzymes: enzyme concentration

A

If no new substrate molecules are added, the reaction will stop

35
Q

Factor that affects enzymes: substrate concentration

A

Eventually all the enzyme molecules will be bound to substrate molecules so the rate of reaction will remain constant

36
Q

Metabolic rate

A

The rate at which your cells transfer energy from the chemical stores in food

37
Q

Carbohydrate (enzyme)

A

Carbohydrase enzyme breaks down carbohydrates

Enzyme that breaks down starch is amylase

38
Q

Protein (enzyme)

A

Protease enzyme breaks down proteins into amino acids

39
Q

Fats/lipids (enzyme)

A

Lipase enzymes break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol (3:1)

40
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

The transfer of energy from chemical stores in food via a series of reactions that involve oxygen

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) -> 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O

41
Q

ATP

A

The store for energy from respiration

ATP produced during respiration is used for:
Movement
Staying warm
Synthesising larger molecules from smaller ones to make new cells material

42
Q

The more active a cell is…

A

The more mitochondria it has

43
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration without oxygen

glucose -> lactic acid

44
Q

Aerobic respiration is used instead of anaerobic respiration normally because…

A

Aerobic respiration produces more ATP per glucose molecule because glucose is fully broken down

Lactic acid causes fatigue, which is pain in the muscles causing them to stop contracting

Lactic acid has to be broken down with oxygen, known as oxygen debt

45
Q

Fermentation

A

Another type of anaerobic respiration in microorganisms and plants

Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
C(6)H(12)O(6) -> 2C(2)H(5)OH + 2CO(2)

46
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process through which plants make their food

Carbon dioxide - diffuses via the stomata
Water - absorbed by the roots

Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
6CO(2) + 6H(2)O -> C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)

47
Q

Respiration in plants takes place in the…

A

Chloroplast

48
Q

Stage 1: Light dependent photosynthesis

A

Energy transferred from light splits water molecules into oxygen gas and hydrogen ions

49
Q

Stage 2: Light independent

A

Carbon dioxide gas combines with the hydrogen ions to make glucose

50
Q

What is glucose used for during photosynthesis?

A

Fats and oils - food store and growth

Converted into sucrose - stored in fruit

Converted into starch - food store

Converted into cellulose - to form cell walls

Plus nitrogen - proteins (growth and repair)

51
Q

Light intensity

A

Light intensity = 1/(Distance from light source)^2

52
Q

Factor that affects photosynthesis: light intensity

A

The higher the light intensity the faster the rate of photosynthesis until it reaches its maximum rate

53
Q

Factor that affects photosynthesis: carbon dioxide

A

The greater the carbon dioxide concentration the faster the rate of reaction

The atmosphere contains only 0.04% carbon dioxide so it’s commonly the limiting factor

54
Q

Factor that affects photosynthesis: temperature

A

The higher the temperature the faster the rate of photosynthesis, but if it’s too high the enzymes will denature

Biology (4 decks)

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