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Applied science > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

state functions of lysosomes

A
  1. destroy / digest old organelles, antigens, bacteria, pathogens
  2. break down worn out components of the cell, waste products, waste materials
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2
Q

state functions of the golgi apparatus

A
  1. modifies proteins and lipids and packages them in vesicles for transport
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3
Q

state functions of centrioles

A
  1. they help with cell division in animal cells

2. they make the spindle in cell division

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4
Q

state the function of the nucleus

A
  1. stores / contains cells DNA - genetic material which controls the activity of the cell
  2. it makes ribosomal subunits
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5
Q

state the function of the vesicle

A
  1. transports and stores substances in the cell

2. many vesicles cluster around the golgi apparatus

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6
Q

state the function of the nucleolus

A
  1. it makes ribosomes

2. to rewrite rRNA and combine it with proteins

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7
Q

state the function of the plasma membrane

A
  1. it protects the cell from it’s surroundings

2. it regulates movement of substances in and out of cells

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8
Q

state the function of rough endoplasmic rreticulum (rER)

A
  1. it is where proteins are made
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9
Q

state the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)

A
  1. regulates and releases calcium ions and processes toxins.

2. where lipids are made

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10
Q

state the function of the mitochondria

A
  1. site of respiration
    they are known as the powerhouse of the cell
  2. where most reactions for aerobic respiration take place.
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11
Q

what is the function of cytoplasm

A
  1. where most chemical reactions happen

2. fluid that fills a cell

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12
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A
  1. they are where proteins are made in the cell
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13
Q

what are eukaryotic cells?

state examples

A

eukaryotic cells contain organelles, these are structures with specialised functions often bound by a membrane.
examples: animal cells and plant cells

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14
Q

what are prokaryotic cells?

state examples

A

prokaryotes contain no membrane-bound organelles and are made of a single cell.
examples: bacteria,

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15
Q

what organelles do eukaryotes have?

A
  1. golgi apparatus
  2. lysosomes
  3. centrioles
  4. nucleus
  5. nucleolus
  6. vesicle
  7. plasma membrane
  8. rough ER
  9. smooth ER
  10. mitochondria
  11. cytoplasm
  12. ribosomes ( 80S)
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16
Q

what organelles do prokaryotes have?

A
  1. plasmids
  2. capsule
  3. ribosomes (70S)
  4. nucleoid
  5. cell wall
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17
Q

what is the function of plasmids

A
  1. they often contain additional genes that help the bacterium’s survival, such as antibiotic resistance or toxin producing genes.
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18
Q

what is the function of the capsule?

A
  1. it helps cells stick to surfaces

2. it protects cells from drying out, being engulfed or being engulfed such as by white blood cells

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19
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A
  1. they make proteins
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20
Q

what is the function of the nucleiod?

A
  1. it is the region where single circular, length of DNA is folded.
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21
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A
  1. it gives the cell shape
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22
Q

structure of plasma membrane

A

consists of lipids and proteins

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23
Q

structure of rough ER

A

series of single, flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane

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24
Q

structure of smooth ER

A

series of single, tubular sacs made of membrane

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25
Q

structure of mitochondria

A

surrounded by a double membrane
contains 70S ribosomes and DNA
its central area contains a jelly called the matrix

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26
Q

structure of the golgi apparatus

A

a series of single, curved sacs enclosed by a membrane

many vesicles cluster around the golgi apparatus

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27
Q

structure of lysosome

A

it is enclosed by a single membrane

28
Q

structure of centrioles

A

two hollow cylinders, found in pairs arranged at right angles to eachother

29
Q

structure of the nucleolus

A

located inside the nucleus

isn’t surrounded by a membrane and sits in the nucleus.

30
Q

structure of vesicles

A

small, membrane bound sac

31
Q

structure of plasmids

A

double-stranded DNA in a circular structure

32
Q

structure of a capsule

A

polysaccharide layer outside the cell wall

33
Q

structure of the cell wall

A

it is made of long-chained molecule made up of a sugar and amino acids called peptidoglycan

34
Q

plant cells include all the strucutres that are in animal cells apart from…

A

centrioles

35
Q

structures in plant cells

A
  1. ribosome
  2. golgi apparatus,
  3. rough ER
  4. smooth ER
  5. plasma membrane
  6. mitochondrion
  7. nuclear envelope
  8. nucleolus
    and
  9. vacuole
  10. cell wall
  11. middle lamella
  12. plasmodesmata
  13. pit
  14. chloroplast
  15. amyloplast containing starch grains
  16. tonoplast membrane
36
Q

what type of ribosomes do eukaroytes have?

A

80S

37
Q

what type of ribosomes do prokaryotes have?

A

70S

38
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

they work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells
they contain chlorophyll that absorb light needed for photosynthesis

39
Q

what is a vacuole

A

it stores water and other substances

contains cell sap

40
Q

what is a tonoplast membrane

A

it controls movement of molecules into and out of the vacuole

41
Q

what is the cell wall

A

it supports and protects the cell and strengthens it

it is made of cellulose

42
Q

what are amyloplasts

A

they store starch

they convert starch back into sugar when the plant needs energy.

43
Q

what is the middle lamella

A

it sticks cell together

44
Q

what is the plasmodesmata and pits

A

allow communication between one cell and another

45
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water

46
Q

state similarities between plant and animal cells

A 
Plant and animal cells both have ribosomes.
both have:
mitochondria 
ribosomes 
smooth and rough ER
cytoplasm
golgi apparatus
47
Q

state differences between plant and animal cells

A

animal cells do not contain a cell wall
animal cells do not contain chloroplasts
plant cells do not contain lysosomes
plant cells do not contain centrioles

48
Q

palisade cell

A

they are cylindrical shaped - they pack tightly in the upper part of a lea.
they contain many chloroplasts to capture as much energy from light as possible for photosynthesis
they have a large vacuole, which helps to keep the cell and leaf structure rigid

49
Q

stuctures of a palisade cell

A 
cell wall
plasma membrane 
cytoplasm
nucleus
vacuole
chloroplast
50
Q

where are root hair cells found?

A

in the epithelium, near the root tip, where there is no epithelium

51
Q

explain how root hair cells are adapted to their function

A

have a long cell extension into the soil increases the surface area for absorption of water and disolved minerals from the soil
thin cell wall makes it easier for substances to cross into the cell eg. water absorption
many mitochondria supply energy for active transport of minerals from the soil into the cell

52
Q

what is the root hair cells function

A

absorbing water and disolved minerals

53
Q

what is the main function of palisade mesophll cells?

A

to capture energy transferred by light

54
Q

do gram-negative bacteria retain the gram stain (crystal violet) or not?

A

they DO NOT

55
Q

do gram-positive bacteria retain the gram stain (crystal violet) or not

A

they DO

56
Q

why do gram negative bacteria not retain the gram stain?

A

when gram negative bacteria is washed with acetone and absolute alcohol it doesn’t retain the gram stain because their cell wall has an outer layer

57
Q

why do gram positive bacteria retain the gram stain?

A

gram positive retain the gram stain because their thick peptidoglycan wall absorbs the stain and they do not have a cell wall

58
Q

which are more resistant to antibiotics? gram negative or gram positive and why?

A

gram negative are more resistant to antibiotics than gram positive bacteria, this is because gram negative bacteria have a cell wall with an outer membrane, which protects them from the antibiotic

59
Q

what does gram negative bacteria have that gram positive bacteria doesn’t?

A

an outer cell membrane that surrounds the cell wall

60
Q

what colour do gram negative bacteria turn?

A

turn pink by safranin

61
Q

what colour do gram positive turn?

A

turn purple by crystal violet as they have a thick wall made of peptiglycan

62
Q

examples of gram negative bacteria

A

e. coli

63
Q

examples of gram positive bacteria

A

Staphylococcus

64
Q

how do you work out the magnification?

A

size of image / size of real object

65
Q

how many um (micrometre) in 1mm?

A

1000

Applied science (3 decks)

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