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Biology B1 > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

1
Q

How can high cholesterol levels in the blood lead to a heart attack

A

Because high cholesterol can cause a substance called plaque to build up in the artery wall.The plaque slows down the blood and a clot may form.The clot then can block one of the arteries taking oxygenated blood to the heart.this causes a heart attack as the muscle can’t work so won’t beat properly.

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2
Q

What raises blood cholesterol?

A

Eating saturated fats (found in animal products)

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3
Q

What lowers blood cholesterol?

A

Unsaturated fats (found in plants)

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4
Q

Good cholesterol?

A

High density lipoprotein (HDL) as it can protect against heart disease by helping to remove cholesterol from the walls of blood vessels

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5
Q

Bad cholesterol?

A

Low density lipoprotein (LDL) as it can cause heart disease

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6
Q

Can low levels of cholesterol in blood be inherited?

A

Yes,from parents

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7
Q

What releases more energy,fat of carbs?

A

One gram of fat releases almost twice as much energy as one gram of carbohydrates or protein

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8
Q

What’s used for growth and repair?

A

Protein

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9
Q

What’s all the food groups

A

Carbohydrates,fats,protein,vitamins,minerals,water,fibre

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10
Q

What can happen if your diet isn’t balanced?

A

You can become malnourished from lacking in certain nutrients (become too fat or thin) or suffer from deficiency diseases

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11
Q

What’s a metabolic rate?

A

The rate which chemical reactions take place in your cells

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12
Q

Can metabolic rate be affected by your genes?

A

Yes what you inherit from your parents

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13
Q

What are carbohydrates for?

A

Providing quick energy

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14
Q

What are fats for?

A

Slow releasing energy

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15
Q

What’s protein for?

A

Growth and repair

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16
Q

What’s fibre for?

A

Help the digestion system

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17
Q

What’s water for?

A

Maintains fluid levels and staying hydrated

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18
Q

What are the microorganism that cause disease?

A

Pathogens

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19
Q

What’s a epidemic?

A

When a wide spread of people are effected with a disease

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20
Q

What happens when viruses reproduce in the body?

A

Reproduce in a body cell then destroy it when they burst out the the virus invade other cells

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21
Q

Bacteria reproduction?

A

Reproduce rapidly inside the body.they may produce toxins (poisons) that make us feel ill

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22
Q

What does a antibody molecule look like?

A

A letter y

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23
Q

Examples of antibiotics?

A

Penicillin and streptomycin

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24
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Drugs that kill bacteria inside your body without killing your own cells

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25
Q

On a jelly plate,what does no bacterial growth show?

A

The antibiotic was more effective

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26
Q

Why can’t you overuse antibiotics?

A

Because the bacteria can become resistant to them

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27
Q

What does MMR stand fo?

A

Measles mumps and rubella

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28
Q

What’s a vaccination?

A

When a small amount of dead or inactive virus that cause the disease are injected in the body.the white blood cells attack it.They remember how to make the antibody so you become immune to the disease

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29
Q

Why can’t some diseases be vaccinated against?

A

Because there are too many strains of the pathogen I.e common cold

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30
Q

Growing bacteria: what are the microorganisms growing on the nutrient medium called?

A

Culture

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31
Q

Growing bacteria.avoiding contamination: what must you not do?

A

You must not touch the algar jelly with your fingers or breathe on it

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32
Q

Growing bacteria:where are the petri dishes kept?

A

Incubator to keep warm and encourage rapid growth

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33
Q

What are the name of cells nerves contain?

A

Nerve cells

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34
Q

When hormones affects just a few different organs.what are they called?

A

There target organs

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35
Q

What is information in the nervous system carried as?

A

Electrical impulses

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36
Q

What are the cells that transmit electrical impulses called?

A

Neurones

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37
Q

What’s the back of eye called?

A

Retina

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38
Q

Where are rod cells

?

A

Retina.back of eye

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39
Q

What is human body average temp.?

A

37 degrees Celsius,when enzymes work best?

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40
Q

Where do you gain water?

A

Food and drink

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41
Q

Where do you loose water?

A

Breath sweat and urine

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42
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

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43
Q

In the menstrual cycle where is FSH released from?

A

The pituitary gland

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44
Q

What do the ovaries secrete?

A

Oestrogen

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45
Q

What do high levels of oestrogen do?

A

Stop production of FSH

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46
Q

How do contraceptive pills work?

A

They contain oestrogen which stop FSH being produced so that eggs do not mature

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47
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

In the brain

48
Q

What causes the uterus lining to thicken?

A

Increase in oestrogen

49
Q

What day in the menstrual cycle are eggs released from the ovary?

A

Day 14,this is called ovulation

50
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In vitro fertilisation

51
Q

How does IVF work?

A

The women Is given hormones such as FSH to make her ovaries produce several eggs.The eggs are removed and mixed with her partners sperm for fertilisation to occur.One of the embryos is then chosen and placed in the women’s uterus.with luck,it will sink in the uterus lining and make a baby

52
Q

What are plant hormones used for and why?

A

Weed killers as they make the weeds grow very fast then die.The hormones only affect weeds because they have a different metabolism

53
Q

What are recreational drugs ?

A

Drugs people take to make them feel different

54
Q

What do steroids do?

A

Stimulate the body to grow larger stronger muscles!

55
Q

What do plants compete for?

A

Light,who ever grows the tallest wins.

56
Q

What happens in animals if there’s not enough females to go round
?

A

Males compete for a mate

57
Q

What are the features called that animals and plants need to survive in certain environments?

A

Adaptations

58
Q

What’s do plants that live in dry places have?

A

Long wide spreading roots to get water,small or no leaves so water doesn’t evaporate away and tissues that can store water

59
Q

Why do desert animals normally have large ears?

A

Because a large surface area helps the animal lose body heat and stay cool

60
Q

Why do animals in cold climates have thick layers of fur blubber and fat?

A

To insulate them and reduce heat loss,also coloured white for camouflage against snow

61
Q

Why do plants and animals have thorns,poisons and warning colours?

A

To deter predators

62
Q

What are organisms that can live in extreme environments called?

A

Extremeophiles

63
Q

What’s a non living factor behind environmental change?

A

Global warming

64
Q

What does unpolluted water contain?

A

A lot of dissolved oxygen

65
Q

What are the chemicals that glands secrete into the blood

A

Hormones

66
Q

What does adrenaline effect?

A

Heart,breathing muscles,eyes and digestive system

67
Q

What hormone does the ovary secrete?

A

Oestrogen

68
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin

69
Q

What does the adrenal gland secrete?

A

Adrenaline

70
Q

What do the testes secrete?

A

Male sex hormones (especially testosterone)

71
Q

What are the neurones that transmit impulses from receptors to the central nervous system?

A

Sensory neurones

72
Q

Neurone======

A

Single cell

73
Q

Nerve====

A

Bundle of cells as in the spinal cord

74
Q

What’s a reflex arc?

A

The pathway taken by a nerve impulse as it passes from a receptor through the central nervous system,and finally to an effector

75
Q

What are the gaps between neurones?

A

Synapses

76
Q

What do synapses do?

A

Slow down the speed of an impulse

77
Q

What does your blood have in it?

A

Ions dissolved in it.The same as those found in salt

78
Q

How does your body lose heat?

A

By radiation from the skin,and evaporation of sweat

79
Q

Oestrogen makes the lining of the__________ grow bigger?

A

Uterus

80
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Luteinising hormone

81
Q

FSH and LH are both produced in the Pituitary gland in the brain so how does it reach there target organs?

A

Through the bloodstream

82
Q

If pills don’t contain oestrogen,what do they contain?

A

Progesterone

83
Q

In plants,what is a growth response to light called?

A

Tropism called phototropism

84
Q

What is Auxin and what does it do?

A

A plant hormone which makes cells in shoots get longer.When light shines on a shoot the auxin builds up on the shady side which makes cells on the other side get longer.So,the shoot bends towards the light.

85
Q

What’s a growth response to gravity called?

A

Gravitropism or geotropism

86
Q

What can cannabis cause?

A

Mental illness

87
Q

What are two reasons people die from drug misuse?

A

1-from the poisoning

2-drugs affect the brain making people behave in a dangerous way

88
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs that help people reduce their blood cholesterol level

89
Q

For most organisms what conditions are considered lethal?

A

High temperatures and high pressure

90
Q

What is the formulae for energy efficiency?

A

Efficiency=useful energy X 100%
Divided by
Original amount of energy

91
Q

What’s a pyramid of biomass

A

Diagram showing energy transfer between organisms,size decreasing at each stage to represent the energy lost

92
Q

Why does the food chain lose energy?

A

Some materials and energy are lost in waste materials produced by each organism such as carbon dioxide,urine and faeces
Also resperation in each organisms cells releases energy from nutrients to be used for purposes like movement etc so lots is lost as heat yo its surroundings

93
Q

What’s compost high in and why?

A

Compost is high in nutrients and is used to promote plant growth

94
Q

Bacteria and fungi that carry out decay need:

A

Oxygen for aerobic respiration
Warm temperatures for enzymes to work at an optimum rate
Moisture for reproduction

95
Q

What does increasing the temperature of microorganisms do?

A

Slow or stop decay

96
Q

What does photosynthesis convert carbon dioxide into?

A

Carbohydrates and other food molecules such as proteins

97
Q

If dead organisms don’t decay what happens instead?

A

Become buried deep and compressed underground and change into fossil fuels

98
Q

When carbon dioxide is returned to the air when wood or fossil fuels are burnt what’s this called?

A

Combustion

99
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Long sections of DNA

100
Q

What are the characteristics that genes contain?

A

Hair colour eye colour etc

101
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do sperm and egg cells contain?

A

One

102
Q

Why does variation occur?

A

Because of The genes they inherited (genetic causes) or the conditions in which they developed (environmental causes) or a combo of both

103
Q

How does fertilisation in animals work?

A

A new cell called a zygote which divides repeatedly to produce a little ball of cells which develops into an embryo finally turning into an adult animal

104
Q

What happens in asexual reproduction?

A

An individual splits into two (as in bacteria) or a part divides off.this is the offspring

105
Q

If an egg is fertilised outside the body what’s this called?

A

External fertilisation

106
Q

What are the three ways of cloning?

A

1-Taking cuttings then dipped in hormone rooting powder and placed into soil.
2-tissue culture:when a small piece of tissue is taken to grow on jelly
3- embryo transplants

107
Q

What’s genetics engineering?u

A

When you genetically modify an organism to produce a unique set of genes

108
Q

Example of genetic engineering?

A

Soya beans varieties to give them a gene that makes them resistant to glyphosate

109
Q

Why are people concerned about GM crops?

A

1- the genes for a toxin to kill insects could be transferred to a wild plant,which could then disrupt natural food chains
2-effects on humans eating fm food

110
Q

What was Charles darwins theory?

A

That species gradually changed from one form to another by natural selection.he thought that in each generation only the best adapted individual s survive and reproduce to pass on their characteristics to the next generation

111
Q

Why weren’t darwins theory’s accepted?

A

Everyone was very religious at the time

112
Q

How does natural selection work

A

Living organisms produce many offspring.the offspring vary from one another due to differences in genes.some have genes that give them a better chance of survival.they are most likely to reproduce.there genes will then be passed to there offspring

113
Q

What are mutations?

A

Unpredictable changes to chromosome s or genes

114
Q

How do you lose mass?

A

Use more energy than you take in

115
Q

What does LH cause?

A

Ovulation

116
Q

What does the carbon cycle show?

A

How carbon moves around the planet

Biology B1 (2 decks)

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