B1 Flashcards
What are the five food groups?
Carbohydrates Fats Protein Fibre Vitamins and Minerals
Which two food groups release energy?
Carbs and Fats
What is the job of Fibre?
To keep everything moving smoothly in your digestive system
What is your metabolism?
Chemical reactions in the body
What is metabolic rate?
The speed at which chemical reactions occur in the body
What are 5 Factors which effect your metabolic rate?
Amount of muscle or fat size gender genetics exercise
If you do a more active job you need more….
Energy
When is a person malnourished?
When their diet is out of balance
Excess carbohydrates or fat causes?
Obesity
Name four health problems that can arise from being obese
Arthritis Type 2 diabetes High blood pressure Heart Disease Also some kinds of cancer
Too much saturated fat causes what?
Increased blood cholesterol
Too much salt causes what?
High blood pressure and Heart problems
Name 4 problems caused by missing food groups in a diet
slow growth, fatigue, poor resistance to infection and irregular periods in women
What does a lack of vitamin C causes?
Scurvy
What does exercise boost?
metabolic rate
What inherited factor causes a low metabolic rate?
Underactive Thyroid gland
What two things help you loss weight?
eat less fat or carbs (take in less energy)
Do more exercise (use more energy)
What are the two main types of pathogen?
Bacteria and Viruses
What size are bacteria compared to body cells?
1/100th
What size are viruses compared to bacterium
1/100th
What two things do bacteria do to make you feel ill?
Damage your cells and produce toxins
How do viruses do to damage your cells?
replicate themselves by invading a cell and using the cells machinery to produce copies, the cell then breaks and release all the new viruses
What three things in your respiratory tract help defend against diseases?
Skin, Hairs and mucus
What does platelets do to seal cuts?
They clot
What are the three ways white blood cells destroy microbes?
Consume them, produce Antibodies, produce Antitoxins
What are antibodies?
Proteins
What does the MMR vaccine protect against?
Measles, mumps and rubella
What do vaccines contain?
Dead or inactive versions of a microorganism
What do vaccines allow your white blood cells to do?
learn what antibodies to produces for that type of microorganism
What are two positives to vaccination?
Help to control infectious diseases, can prevent epidemics
What are two negatives to vaccination?
Don’t always work, can cause bad reactions
Name three ways your immune system defends your body against disease
Skin, hair and mucus in your respiratory tract
platelets clot the blood to seal wounds
White blood cells consume, produce antibodies and antitoxins
Name a bacteria which has developed resistance to the flu
MRSA
What practice did Semmelweis introduce in the 1840s?
Washing hands with antiseptics
Describe the structure of the CNS and what it does
Consists of the brain and spinal cord. Coordinates the responses and is sent all the information in the body
What is the purpose of a reflex arc?
Helps to prevent injury
Where would you find the smell receptor?
Nose
Where would you find the pressure receptor?
Skin
Describe the pathway of a reflex arc
Stimulus is detected by receptor impulse sent along a sensory neurone crosses a synapse with the relay neurone synapse between relay and motor neurone impulse reaches the effector response
Explain how a synapse works
Nerve signal is transferred to chemicals
chemical diffuse across the gap
chemicals set off a new electrical signal to the next neurone
What is a synapse?
Connection between two neurones
Define hormone
Chemical messages which travel in the blood to activate target cells
If a action is fast and lasts for a short amount of time is it a nerve or hormone?
Nerve
If a action is slow and acts for a long amount of time is it nerve or hormone?
Hormones
Name two glands where hormones are secreted from
Pituitary gland and Ovaries
What hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?
FSH and LH
What three hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?
FSH, Oestrogen and LH
What two things does FSH do?
Causes eggs to mature and stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen
What two things does Oestrogen do?
Cases the pituitary gland to produce LH and inhibits the release of FSH
What does LH do?
Stimulates the release of an egg at around the middle of the menstrual cycle
What is a positive to the Contraceptive pill?
99% effective at preventing pregnancy and reduces the risk of some cancer
What is a negative to the contraceptive pill?
Isn’t 100% effective, can cause side effects and doesn’t protect against STDs
What does the combined pill contain?
Oestrogen and progesterone
What is one way to increase fertility?
Injection containing FSH and LH
Explain IVF
Eggs are collected after injections of FSH and LH have increased the woman’s egg production and fertilised with the mans sperm in a lab, once the embryos are tiny balls of cells they are transferred to the woman’s uterus.
Name a plant growth hormone
Auxin
How does Auxin cause shoots to grow towards light and roots to grow towards gravity?
In shoots auxin increases growth so it collects on the shaded side so the shoot curves towards the light. IN roots auxin inhibits grow, so it collects on the bottom of the root and stops it from growing so it curves down into the earth.
What does homeostasis mean?
Constant internal environment
What is ion content regulated by?
Kidneys
What is body temperature regulated by?
The brain
What hormone regulates blood sugar level?
Insulin
