B1 Flashcards
Arteries and Blood Pressure
Arteries: blood away from heart, under high pressure → heart muscles contract - allows blood to reach all parts of body.
Measuring Blood Pressure (BP)
BP measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). Two measurements:
• Systolic pressure (SP): max pressure produced by heart
• Diastolic pressure (DP): pressure produced in between heart beats
Young,fit person should have a BP of 120 over 70 (SP over DP)
Factors increasing/decreasing BP
Factors that increase BP: • Stress • Drinking a lot alcohol • Being overweight • Smoking Factors decreasing BP: • Balanced diet • Regular exercise
High/Low BP can cause …
High BP: • Kidney damage • Burst blood vessel • Damage to brain, strokes Low BP: • Dizziness/Fainting • Poor blood circulation
Fitness Vs Health
Fitness: Being able to do physical activity
Health: Amount of freedom from disease
Fit people: able to carry out physical activities effectively > unfit people. Pulse rate returns to normal more quickly after exercise.
Healthy people: free from disease and infection, but they may or may not be fit as well. It is possible to be fit but unhealthy, or healthy but unfit.
Measuring Fitness
• Strength • Stamina - endurance/staying power • Flexibility • Agility - how fast someone moves • Speed • Cardiovascular efficiency - how well the circulatory system works
Smoking and BP
Chemicals in it:
• Nicotine
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Effect on BP: ↑ BP by ↑ heart rate:
• Nicotine: directly increases heart rate
• CO: ↓ oxygen-carrying capacity in blood → combines with the hemoglobin, prevent oxygen combining - ↑ heart rate to compensate for the ↓ amount of oxygen carried in the blood.
Heart Attack
A heart attack sequence:
- Fatty deposits build up in the coronary arteries
- A blood clot can form on a fatty deposit
- The blood clot can block a coronary artery
- Some heart muscle cells do not get the oxygen and nutrients they need
- These cells start to die.
Factors for Heart Disease
• Smoking
• High BP
• High salt levels in diet → high BP
• High saturated fat levels in diet → build up of cholesterol in arteries → a plaque and narrowing arteries
Main Nutrients in Food
Nutrients - Made from - Main issues
• Carbohydrates - simple sugars, eg. glucose - high energy source
• Fats - fatty acids and glycerol - high energy source
• Proteins - amino acids - growth and repair and “emergency” energy source if their is insufficient carbs & fats.
Balanced Diet
Includes nutrients that don’t provide energy as well with the ones that do:
• Minerals, ie Iron for hemoglobin in red blood cell
• Vitamins, ie vitamin C to prevent scurvy
• Fibre → prevents constipation
• Water
Balanced diet: different for different people. Varies on age, gender, physical activity and religion. Some people choose not to eat some things, eg vegan/vegetarian avoid meat, and some are allergic
Being Overweight
When it’s cold and you are exerting yourself more physically you need to eat more.
Eating too much food without exercise → overweight
Problems with being overweight:
• Diabetes
• Arthritis
• Heart disease
• Breast cancer
Diets that lead you becoming overweight/underweight → low self esteem and poor self-image. Desire for “perfect” bodies, ie looking at a celeb’s body → under eating. Both underweight and overweight have health risks.
BMI
BMI = mass (kg) / (height x height) in meters
Protein Deficiency
Teenagers → grow quickly → need a lot of proteins, some developing countries may not get enough proteins → protein deficiency.
Kwashiorkor: disease caused by protein deficiency, symptoms - badly swollen abdomens, common in developing countries → people don’t get enough in their diet because:
• Overpopulation → too many people for land and resources available
• Limited investment in farming methods, eg few tractors/fertilisers
EAR
Estimated Average Daily Requirement for protein: 0.6 x body mass (kg)
Problems:
• Only estimated daily amount
• According to body mass but some may need more proteins. eg growing teens need more protein than adult with same mass
• Pregnant women need more protein
• Breastfeeding women need more protein
