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tt biology > B1,2,3,4 Cell Biology (SME TOPIC 1) > Flashcards

B1,2,3,4 Cell Biology (SME TOPIC 1) Flashcards

1
Q

cell membrane

A

holds the cell together and controls what leaves and enters the cell

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2
Q

cytoplasm

A

where chemical reactions take place and surrounds all the subcellular structures

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3
Q

DNA

A

genetic material where that controls the activity of a cell

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4
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

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5
Q

specialised cell

A

A specialised cell is a cell that has a particular structure and and composition of subcellular structures

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6
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

plant and animal cells. DNA enclosed in the nucleus.

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7
Q

animals cell components

A

nucleus
cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes
cytoplasm

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8
Q

plant cell components

A

cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm
mitochondria
permanent vacuole
cell wall
ribosomes
chloroplasts

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9
Q

specialised cell

A

a cell thats is used for a specific purpose eg. sperm, nerve or muscle

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10
Q

nerve cell components

A

cell body
ribosomes
cell membrane
dendrites
nucleus
axon
cytoplasm
myelin sheath
nerve ending

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11
Q

nerve cell

A

Nerve cells (neurones) have a characteristically elongated structure which allows them to coordinate information from the brain and spinal cord with the rest of the body

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12
Q

nerve cell function

A

conduction of impulses

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13
Q

structure of a nerve cell

A

Has a cell body where most of the cellular structures are located and most protein synthesis occurs

Extensions of the cytoplasm from the cell body form dendrites (which receive signals) and axons (which transmit signals), allowing the neuron to communicate with other nerve cells, muscles and glands

The axon (the main extension of cytoplasm away from the cell body) is covered with a fatty sheath, which speeds up nerve impulses. Axons can be up to 1m long in some animals

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14
Q

muscle cells

A

Muscle cells contain layers of fibres which allow them to contract. The image above shows skeletal muscle cells

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15
Q

muscle cell components

A

ribosomes, protein filament cell membrane , nuclei, mitochondria.

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16
Q

muscle cell function

A

contraction for movement

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17
Q

muslce cell adatations

A

All muscle cells have layers of protein filaments in them. These layers can slide over each other causing muscle contraction

Muscle cells have a high density of mitochondria to provide sufficient energy (via respiration) for muscle contraction

Skeletal muscle cells fuse together during development to form multinucleated cells that contract in unison

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18
Q

defect types of muscle cells

A

There are three different types of muscle in animals: skeletal, smooth and cardiac (heart)

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19
Q

sperm cells

A

Sperm cells are mobile – their tail helps propel them forward in search of an egg to fertilise

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20
Q

sperm cell adaptations

A

has a tail to propel them faster to fertilize the egg

the acrosome is used to break down the outer layer of the cell so it can fuse with the egg.

lots of mitochondria so it has sufficient energy.

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21
Q

prokaryotic cell types

A

bacterias cells

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22
Q

prokaryotic cell features

A

genetic information is not enclosed in the nucleus

dna can be found in smaller circles called plasmids

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23
Q

prokaryotic cell components

A

cell membrane, cell wall cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmids, circular loop of dna ,

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24
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, and are much smaller than eukaryotic cells

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25
prokaryotic cell table
components eukaryotes prokaryotes cell membrane yes yes cytoplasm yes yes genetic material yes in the nucleus yes-cytoplasm nucleus yes no cell wall some types peptidoglycan- yes
26
root hair cell
The root hair is an extension of the cytoplasm, increasing the surface area of the cell in contact with the soil to maximise absorption of water and minerals
27
root hair cell components
ribosomes cell membrane nucleus cytoplasm vacuole root hair mitochondria
28
root hair cell functions
absorption of water and mineral ions from soil
29
root hair cell Adaptations
Root hair to increase surface area (SA) so the rate of water uptake by osmosis is greater (can absorb more water and ions than if SA were lower) Thinner walls than other plant cells so that water can move through easily (due to shorter diffusion distance) Permanent vacuole contains cell sap which is more concentrated than soil water, maintaining a water potential gradient Mitochondria for active transport of mineral ions
30
a xylem vessel components
no cell components just a continuous column of water original cell wall between cells had broken down walls thickened with lignin
31
a xylem vessel functions
transport tissue for water and dissolved ions
32
a xylem vessel
No top and bottom walls between cells to form continuous hollow tubes through which water is drawn upwards towards the leaves by transpiration Cells are essentially dead, without organelles or cytoplasm, to allow free passage of water Outer walls are thickened with a substance called lignin, strengthening the tubes, which helps support the plant
33
Phloem cells function
transport of dissolved sugars and amino acids
34
phloem cells
Phloem cells form tubes similar to xylem vessels, except the cells still retain some subcellular structures and are therefore living
35
Phloem cells Adaptations:
Made of living cells (as opposed to xylem vessels which are made of dead cells) which are supported by companion cells Cells are joined end-to-end and contain holes in the end cell walls (sieve plates) forming tubes which allow sugars and amino acids to flow easily through (by translocation) Cells also have very few subcellular structures to aid the flow of materials
36
chromosomes
one chromosome pair is inherited from the mother while the other one is from the father different species' have different number of chromosomes i their nucleus. humans have 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of every bodily cell found it 23 pais horses, for example, have 64 chromosomes in 32 pais
37
human exceptions
red blood cells they lose their nuclei and therefore have no chromosomes.
38
cell division
before the chromosome can divide it needs to double. this results in the characteristic 'x' shape that we see in the micrographs of cells preparing to divide
39
micrographs
microscopic pictures
40
dna replication
the chromosomes in the nucleus condense in preparation for mitosis the dna is then replicated and turned into a replicated chromosome with the characteristic x shape
41
what is each arm of a chromosome called
chromatid
42
diploid
he presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism's cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair
43
hiploid
a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes.
44
mitosis
a type of nuclear division carried out by diploid body cells. mitosis gives rise to genetically identical diploid cells
45
stages of mitosis
1. the dna is replicated 2. the replicated dna is then divided into two genetically identical daughter cells
46
cell cycle
1. interphase: cell growth and dna replication 2. mitosi is after the interphase which is nuclear division 3. cytokinesis is when the cells divide creating the two daughter cells each cell moves through the cycle multiple times
47
when is mitosis required
nuclear division, growth,repair and asexual reproduction
48
mitosis cycle
the dna found in the nucleus is replicated each chromosome has been duplicated and the nuclear membrane breaks down chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell once chromatids have been separated the cell begins to divide (cytokinesis) two genetically identical daughter cells are produced
49
calculating the cell cycle
. observed number of cells in stage length of time in stage = -------------------------------------------- X total length total number of cells observed
50
stem cells
unspecialised cells that have the capacity to develop into other cell types. the first human cell is a zygote which all the cells in a human body are originally made of the zygote will divide by mitosis lots of times before cells begin to differentiate after differentiation, stem cell from the embryo become specialised
51
where are stem cells found ?
embryos, umbilical cord, placenta, organs e.g brain liver and bone marrow
52
plant stem cells
plant stem cells are found in meristem tissue found in the growing roots and shoots of the plants these stem cells can differentiate to become any of the cells of the plant for the lifetime of the plant
53
embryonic stem cells
differentiate into all the specialised cells in the human body EXAM TIP: always refer to stem cells differentiating or developing into another cell type not changing or becoming
54
bone marrow stem cells
only become; 1. red blood cells specialised to carry oxygen 2. white blood cells specialised to fight pathogens 3. platelets specialised to form clots and scabs these stem cells will be extracted to treat diseases like leukaemia
55
benefits of stem cells
HUMANS they can be used to repair damaged or diseased cells to treat diseases such as paralalys, blood cancer or diabetes healthy stem cells removed from the patient themselves will not be at risk of rejection when reintroduced to the patient PLANTS can be used to produce clones of parent plants this is common in farming practices to produce large populations of plants with specific characteristics. such as ( disease resistance) PLANTS AGAIN rare plant species' can be repopulated by stem cell clones.
56
risks of stem cells
MORAL FACTORS embryos born for stem cell research are still embryos and should be given the right to life. RELIGIOUS BELIEFS some religions ( such ad catholics) don't agree with the use of stem cells as the stem cells harvested from the living embryo will ultimately lead to its destruction. SOCIAL RISK health care involving stem cell is often expensive which isnt as accessible to people who don't have as much money so people think it is unfair and shouldn't be used.
57
diffusion
spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
58
examples of diffusion (ENTERING THE CELL)
1. oxygen must diffuse into a cell for aerobic respiration 2. carbon dioxide must diffuse into photosynthesising plant cells to be available for photosynthesis
59
examples of diffusion that leaves by diffusion w
1. liver cells break down execs amino acids into waste product UREA which is highly toxic and must diffuse out of cells to be execrated by the kidney 2. carbon dioxide produced by aerobic respiration must diffuse out of cells
60
factors that effect diffusion
1. difference in concentrations : the greater the difference in concentration between two regions, the faster the overall rate of diffusion. 2. temperature : the greater the temperature the more kinetic energy the particles of that substance will have/ 3. surface area of a membrane separating two regions
61
small intestine adaptations
1. lots of small highly folded villi used to increase its surface area so it can absorb more food molecules 2. only one layer of epithelial cells covers the surface are of each villu- this decreases the diffusion distance 3. Each villus has a good blood supply – this maintains a concentration gradient
62
how does blood get oxygenated
the blood goes from the body through the heart into the lungs via the pulmonary artery then back to the heart via the pulmonary vein and then to the body so the oxygen can be used.
63
how the lungs are adapted for its function
it has 250 million alveoli which provide huge surface area
64
fish gills adaptations
Each gill is made from lots of smaller plates called filaments, which themselves are covered in projections called lamellae – this increases SA Dense capillary network ensures a good blood supply which flows in the opposite direction to water passing through the gills – this maintains a concentration gradient
65
root hair cells adaptations
he root network is highly branched - this increases SA The surface of the roots are covered in root hair cells, which have a specialised structure with root hair projections – this increases SA
66
pathway of co2 molecules when a leaf is photosynthesised
1, higher concentration of co2 in atmosphere compared to inside of leaf 2. co2 diffuses into leaf through open stoma into sir space in spongy mesophyl 3. co2 diffuses through cell wall + cell membrane of mesophyl cell disolves in cytoplasm + diffuses into chloroplats
67

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