B1

Question 1

What are the key components of an optical microscope?

Answer 1

The eyepiece lens, objective lenses, stage, light source, coarse and fine focus

Question 2

How should a slide be prepared using a liquid specimen?

Answer 2

Add a few drops of the sample to the slide, cover with a coverslip, and gently press down to remove air bubbles

Question 3

What precautions should be taken when preparing slides?

Answer 3

Wear gloves to prevent cross-contamination

Question 4

What is the method for preparing a slide using a solid specimen?

Answer 4

Cut a small sample of tissue, peel away a thin layer, and place it on the slide

Question 5

What may be required for some tissue samples before placing them on a slide?

Answer 5

Treating with chemicals to kill / make the tissue rigid

Question 6

What is a common stain used for cheek cells?

Answer 6

Methylene blue

Question 7

What is a common stain used for onion cells?

Answer 7

Iodine

Question 8

What can be added to prevent dehydration of tissue on a slide?

Answer 8

A drop of water beneath the coverslip

Question 9

What is the gel-like substance inside a cell called?

Answer 9

Cytoplasm

Question 10

What does the cell membrane do?

Answer 10

Encloses the cytoplasm and provides a selective barrier

Question 11

What is a defining feature of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 11

Their chromosomal DNA consists of one long circular chromosome

Question 12

Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 12

In the nucleus

Question 13

What is the formula for magnification?

Answer 13

Magnification = Drawing size ÷ Actual size

Question 14

What are the specialized structures in animal cells where cellular respiration occurs?

Answer 14

Mitochondria

Question 15

What do plant cells contain that aids in photosynthesis?

Answer 15

Chloroplasts

Question 16

What is the green substance in chloroplasts that absorbs sunlight?

Answer 16

Chlorophyll

Question 17

What is the primary difference between light and electron microscopes?

Answer 17

Light microscopes use light and lenses, while electron microscopes use beams of electrons

Question 18

What is the maximum magnification of Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs)?

Answer 18

Approximately 50,000,000 X

Question 19

What is DNA?

Answer 19

The chemical molecule that contains the instructions for growth and development of all organisms

Question 20

What are the individual monomers that make up DNA called?

Answer 20

Nucleotides

Question 21

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 21

A double helix

Question 22

What is the process by which proteins are synthesized from DNA?

Answer 22

Protein synthesis

Question 23

What is the first step of protein synthesis?

Answer 23

Transcription

Question 24

What is the second step of protein synthesis?

Answer 24

Translation

Question 25

What is RNA?

Answer 25

Ribonucleic acid, similar to DNA but single stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine

Question 26

What does the term 'genome' refer to?

Answer 26

All of the genetic material of an organism

Question 27

What is respiration?

Answer 27

The process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy for cell processes

Question 28

What does digestion involve?

Answer 28

Breaking down large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

Question 29

What is the metabolism of a cell?

Answer 29

The combination of all the reactions occurring in the cell

Question 30

What can be measured to investigate enzyme action?

Answer 30

* How fast a product is produced * How fast a substrate is used up

Question 31

What is amylase?

Answer 31

An enzyme that helps break down starch into maltose

Question 32

What is the rate of reaction formula?

Answer 32

Rate = change in amount of reactant / time

Question 33

What do eukaryotic cells contain?

Answer 33

A nucleus

Question 34

What do prokaryotic cells contain?

Answer 34

General material which floats in the cytoplasm

Question 35

What do prokaryotic cells not contain?

Answer 35

A nucleus

Question 36

What does a nucleus do?

Answer 36

Controls the activities of the cell

Question 37

What occurs in the Mitochondrion / mitochondria

Answer 37

Respiration

Question 38

What is the cell membrane?

Answer 38

A barrier which controls which substances pass into and out of the cell

Question 39

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 39

A jelly like substance where chemical reactions occur

Question 40

What do the chemical reactions in the cytoplasm do?

Answer 40

Keep the cell alive

Question 41

What is a chloroplast?

Answer 41

transfers energy as light to the plant

Question 42

What does a vacuole contain and do?

Answer 42

It is full of sap and helps keep the cell rigid

Question 43

How does a vacuole keep the cell rigid?

Answer 43

Supporting the plant by keeping it upright

Question 44

What are flagella?

Answer 44

Tail like structures which allow the cell to move through liquids

Question 45

What are pili?

Answer 45

Tiny hairlike structures that enable the cell to attach to structure and transfer genetic material between bacteria

Question 46

What is the slime capsule?

Answer 46

Protects bacterium from drying out and poisonous substances

Question 47

What is a plasmid?

Answer 47

A circular piece of DNA that is used to store extra genes

Question 48

Equation for total magnification

Answer 48

total magnification = eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification

Question 49

Why are cells stained?

Answer 49

to make them easier to observe

Question 50

Complementary base pairing

Answer 50

Adenine - thymine Cytosine - guanine

Question 51

What is a copy of DNA called?

Answer 51

mRNA

Question 52

What are Enzymes?

Answer 52

Biological catalysts made of protein

Question 53

What do Biological Catalysts do ?

Answer 53

Speed up reactions without being used themselves

Question 54

What do enzymes look like

Answer 54

Made up of long chains of amino acids

Question 55

What factors affect enzymes

Answer 55

Temperature and pH

Question 57

What are the products of aerobic respiration?

Answer 57

carbon dioxide, water and energy

Question 58

Magnification = image size / actual size.