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Y12 BTEC - Unit 1 - Bio > B1 > Flashcards

B1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what process does a cell go through to become a particular specialised cell?

A

differentiation

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2
Q

what type of cells divide and differentiate into specialised cells?

A

stem cells

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3
Q

define the term: tissues

and name examples

A

a group of similar specialised cells that work together to perform a specific function.

eg skeletal tissue
eg muscular tissue
eg nervous tissue

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4
Q

define the term: organ

A

a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific physiological function

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5
Q

define the term: organ systems

and name some examples.

A

A group of organs with related vital functions that work together to perform body functions.

eg cardiovascular system
eg respiratory system
eg muscular system
eg nervous system

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6
Q

what is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

The membrane is selectively permeable regulating which molecules can be transported in and out of the cell

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7
Q

what is the function of cytoplasm?

A

fluid filled space where reactions occur.

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8
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

Stores DNA which is the genetic code used to synthesise proteins that control cellular activity.

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9
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus?

A

the nucleolus makes ribosomal RNA and ribosomes.

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10
Q

what are the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  1. synthesis of proteins.
  2. transport of proteins.
  3. formation of vesicles.
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11
Q

what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

synthesis and transport of lipids and carbohydrates.

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12
Q

what are the functions of the golgi apparatus?

A
  1. modifying, sorting and packaging proteins.
  2. formation of lysosomes.
  3. packages lipids into vesicles so they can be transported.
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13
Q

what are the functions of lysosomes?

A
  1. contain enzymes to digest pathogens.
  2. contains enzymes the break down worn-out components of the cell (organelles). and waste products.
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14
Q

what is the function of 80s ribosomes?

A

synthesising proteins.

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15
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

Produce ATP by aerobic respiration.

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16
Q

what is the function of the centriole?

A

create fibres which pull chromosomes apart during mitosis.

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17
Q

what is the function of the chloroplast?

A

site of photosynthesis

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18
Q

what is the function of the amyloplasts?

A

forms the starch granules which is a storage molecule of glucose (that can be used in aerobic respiration to produce ATP).

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19
Q

what is the function of the plasmodesmata?

A

channels between plant cells that allow transport of substances and communication.

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20
Q

what is the function of the cellulose cell wall?

A

provides structural support and prevents osmotic lysis (taking in water and bursting) of plant cell.

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21
Q

what is the function of the large permanent vacuole?

A

contains cell sap which helps maintain turgor pressure ensuring a rigid framework of the cell.

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22
Q

what is the function of the capsule?

A

made of polysaccharides which are hydrophilic SO prevents dehydration.

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23
Q

what is the function of the nucleoid?

A

DNA which is the genetic code used to synthesise proteins that control cellular activity.

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24
Q

what are the functions of plasmids?

A
  1. contains extra genes
  2. allows genes that code for beneficial characteristics (such as antibiotic resistance) to be transferred between bacteria.
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25
Q

what is the function of 70s ribosomes?

A

synthesising proteins.

26
Q

what is the function of the peptidoglycan cell wall?

A

provides structural support and prevents osmotic lysis (taking in water and bursting) of bacteria.

27
Q

what is the plant cell wall made up of?

A

cellulose

28
Q

what is the bacteria cell wall made up of?

A

peptidoglycan

29
Q

identify the structures, 1-15, within the ultrastructure of a plant cell.

A
  1. plasmodesmata
  2. cellulose cell wall
  3. plasma membrane
  4. chloroplast
  5. mitochondria
  6. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  7. large permanent vacuole
  8. golgi apparatus
  9. golgi vesicles
  10. rough endoplasmic reticulum
  11. nuclear pore
  12. nuclear envelope
  13. nucleolus
  14. chromatin
  15. nucleus
30
Q

identify the organelles, 1 - 14, within the ultrastructure of an animal cell.

A
  1. golgi apparatus
  2. mitochondria
  3. cytoplasm
  4. rough endoplasmic reticulum
  5. 80s ribosomes
  6. lysosome
  7. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  8. nucleolus
  9. nuclear envelope
  10. chromatin
  11. nucleus
  12. centrioles
  13. plasma membrane
  14. vesicles
31
Q

identify the structures, A-H, within the ultrastructure of a bacteria cell.

A

A. flagellum
B. cytoplasm
C. Capsule
D. plasmids
E. Cell membrane
F. 70s ribosomes
G. Nucleoid
H. peptidoglycan cell wall

32
Q

define the term: eukaryotic

A

a cell containing membrane bound organelles such as a nucleus.

33
Q

define the term: prokaryotic

A

a cell with no membrane bound organelles or nucleus

34
Q

identify structures, 1-6, in the ultrastructure of a mitochondria

A
  1. outer membrane
  2. inner membrane
  3. cristae
  4. matrix
  5. 70s ribosomes
  6. small circular DNA
35
Q

identify structures, 1-8, in the ultrastructure of a chloroplast

A
  1. grana
  2. thylakoid membranes
  3. stroma
  4. circular DNA
  5. 70s ribosomes
  6. outer membrane
  7. inner membrane
  8. starch grain
36
Q

name the membrane of the large permanent vacuole?

A

tonoplast

37
Q

compare and contrast the nucleoid and nucleus.

A

-both control cellular activity.
-both have double stranded DNA.
-both have genes in chromosomes.
-both contain RNA.

-nucleus is large whereas nucleoid is smaller.
-nucleus is spherical whereas nucleoid is irregular shape.
-nucleus is membrane bound whereas nucleoid has no membrane.
-nucleus contains more than one chromosome whereas nucleoid has one chromosome.
-nucleus contains histone proteins whereas nucleoid has no histone proteins.
-nucleus contains nucleolus and nucleoplasm whereas nucleoid does not have nucleolus and nucleoplasm.

38
Q

how do you use a light microscope to recognise cells?

A

step 1: fix specimen to glass slide, stain and put a cover slip over it.
Step 2: Use the metal clips to keep your slide in place.
step 3: use lowest objective lens.
Step 4: Look into the eyepiece and slowly rotate the stage adjustment knob to bring your specimen to focus.
Step 5: slowly rotate the fine adjustment knob until you obtain a clearer image of your specimen.
Step 6: Examine your specimen.
Step 7: After you’re done viewing with the lowest power objective, switch to the medium power objective and re-adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob.
Step 8: Proceed to the high power objective once you have it focused.

39
Q

list the advantages of light microscopes

A

-cheaper
-easier to use
-can observe live specimens
-stains not (highly) toxic
-quick/simple preparation of the slide
-unaffected by magnetic fields
-portable
-specialist training not required.

40
Q

explain the limitations of light microscopes

A

-low resolution SO small structures and organelles cannot be viewed

-can’t have very high magnification BECAUSE uses light that has longer wavelength compared to electrons.

41
Q

Describe how you would do Grams staining of bacteria?

A
  1. Apply crystal violet stain to the bacteria
  2. Add Gram’s Iodine solution to fix crystal violet to peptidoglycan cell walls
  3. Add alcohol to remove the outer membrane of Gram –ve
  4. Add safranin (counter-stain) to stain Gram –ve bacteria pink
42
Q

magnification questions:

  1. The actual diameter of the animal cell is 45um. The observed diameter of the animal cell in the electron micrograph is 1.8cm. Calculate the magnification used to view the image. show your working.
A

Image = actual length x magnification.

  1. 45um = 1.8cm x magnification.
    45um = 18mm x magnification.
    45um = 18000um x magnification.18000/45 = magnification
    400 = magnification
43
Q

Describe how you would use both an eye piece graticule and a stage micrometer to calculate the actual length of a cell

A
  1. Focus the microscope on the stage micrometer
  2. Overlap the eye piece scale with the stage micrometer scale
  3. Within overlap count how many stage micrometer units equal eye piece units
  4. calculate one eye piece unit in µm
  5. Place sample/slide on microscope stage under that objective lens
  6. measure length of cell in eye piece units = convert this number to µm
44
Q

convert the following:

  1. 57mm to microns (um)
  2. 23mm to microns (um)
  3. 6.5mm to microns (um)
  4. 7.5cm to microns (um)
  5. 2cm to microns (um)
A
  1. 57000um (mm -> um is x1000)
  2. 23000um (mm -> um is x1000)
  3. 6500um (mm -> um is x1000)
  4. 75000um (cm->mm is x10 then
    mm->um is x1000)
  5. 20000um (cm->mm is x10 then
    mm->um is x1000)
45
Q

gram positive vs gram negative

A

peptidoglycan cell wall and lipopolysaccharide membrane/ no outer membrane

46
Q

name two structures, inside chloroplasts and mitochondria, that help chemical reactions to happen

A

-fluid filled space (matrix =mitochondria and stroma = chloroplast)

-folded membranes/large surface area membrane (cristae = mitochondria and thylakoid membrane - chloroplast)

-intermembrane space

-contains enzymes (ATP synthase)

-contains 70s ribosomes

47
Q

name the structures in a plant that are not in a animal cell

A

-large permanent vacuole
-chloroplasts
-cellulose cell wall

48
Q

name the structure in an animal cell that are not in a plant cell

A

-centrioles

49
Q

name the structures in a prokaryotic cell that are not in a eukaryotic cell

A

-peptidoglycan cell wall
-capsule
-circular DNA
-DNA without histones
-flagellum (if eukaryotic cell is not sperm)
-plasmid
-pilus
-70s ribosomes
-mesosome

50
Q

describe how proteins are made and secreted out of a cell.

A
  1. nucleus contains DNA code for amino acid sequence
  2. mRNA makes copy of gene
  3. mRNA leaves through nuclear pore
  4. nucleolus makes ribosomes
  5. mRNA translated at ribosomes on Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  6. rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesises and transports protein to golgi apparatus.
  7. golgi apparatus sorts, modifies and packages proteins into secretory vesicle.
  8. vesicle migrates towards plasma membrane and fuses.
  9. contents of vesicle emptied by exocytosis.
51
Q

explain the importance of chloroplasts in a palisade mesophyll cell

A
  1. Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis (CO2 + H20 -> O2 + C6H12O6).
  2. chloroplasts contain chlorophyll.
  3. chlorophyll take in light energy.
  4. chloroplasts absorb CO2 to make glucose.
  5. glucose is used in aerobic respiration to produce ATP.
  6. glucose is used make starch/cellulose/amino acids and DNA.
52
Q

magnification questions:

  1. The actual diameter of the animal cell is 57um. The observed diameter of the animal cell in the electron micrograph is 0.9cm. Calculate the magnification used to view the image to 2 decimal places. show your working.
A

Image = actual length x magnification.

  1. 57um = 0.9cm x magnification.
    57um = 9mm x magnification.
    57um = 9000um x magnification.9000/57 = magnification
    157.894737 = magnification
    157.89 =magnification
53
Q

magnification questions:

  1. calculate the actual size of the bacterium in um when the magnification is 22500x and image is 4.5cm. show your working.
A

Image = actual length x magnification.

4.5cm ->45mm (cm ->mm is x10)
45mm ->45000um (mm ->um is x1000)

45000um = actual length x 22500
45000/ 22500 = actual length
2um = actual length

54
Q
  1. calculate the actual size of the bacterium in um when the magnification is 25000x and image is 7cm. Give your answer to 1 significant figure. show your working.
A

Image = actual length x magnification.

7cm ->70mm (cm ->mm is x10)
70mm ->70000um (mm ->um is x1000)

70000um = actual length x 25000
70000/ 25000 = actual length
2.8um = actual length
3um = actual length

55
Q

after the gram stain, what colour will gram positive bacteria be?

A

purple

56
Q

after the gram stain, what colour will gram negative bacteria be?

A

pink

57
Q

describe the structures that an antibiotic would have to pass through to get to the cytoplasm in a gram negative bacteria

A

cell membrane
THICK peptidoglycan cell wall
NO outer membrane
capsule

58
Q

describe the structures that an antibiotic would have to pass through to get to the cytoplasm in a gram negative bacteria

A

cell membrane
THIN peptidoglycan cell wall
outer lipopolysaccharide membrane
capsule

59
Q

penicillin is an antibiotic. E. coli is a type of gram negative bacteria. Explain how the structure of E. coli prevent penicillin being an effective treatment.

A

E. coli have an outer cell membrane that surrounds the cell wall.
This prevents penicillin from damaging the cell wall.

60
Q

Penicillin is an antibiotic used to treat gram-positive bacterial infections.
Penicillin stops gram-positive bacteria from dividing.

the figure shows gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria growing on two separate nutrient agar plates. The is a disc of penicillin in the centre of each agar plate.

discuss why penicillin prevents the growth of gram-positive but no gram negative bacteria. Your answer should refer to the differences in the cell walls of the two types of bacteria.

A

penicillin diffuses out from disc into agar gel.

Gram-positive bacteria:
1. contain thick peptidoglycan cell wall.
2. contain no outer membrane
3. penicillin enters cell and prevents cross-linking of protein chains in peptidoglycan.
4. stopping cell wall synthesis
5. NEW cells grow abnormally
6. cells burst due to water uptake and no rigid cell wall.
7. prevents growth of NEW cells

Gram-negative bacteria:
1. contains thinner layer of peptidoglycan cell wall
2. surrounded by an outer membrane
3. outer membrane prevents antibiotic crossing cell wall into cell.
4. so no disruption of cell wall synthesis
5. so walls a strong and rigid
6. so cells do not burst when they take up water.

61
Q

compare and contrast the nucleoid and nucleus

A

Both the nucleus and nucleoid:
-Control cellular activity
-Contains condensing and -supercoiling DNA.
-DNA double stranded.
-Genes are in chromosomes.
-Contains RNA

contasts:
-large nucleus where as smaller nucleoid
-spherical nucleus where as irregular shape nucleoid
-membrane bound nucleus where as nucleoid has no membrane
-nucleus contains more than one chromosome where as nucleoid is only one chromosome.
-nucleus contains histone proteins where as nucleoid has no histone proteins
-nucleolus and nucleoplasm present in nucleus whereas nucleoid has no nucleolus or nucleoplasm

Y12 BTEC - Unit 1 - Bio (3 decks)

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