B1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the structure of the cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane

A

controls movement of substances in and out of the cell

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3
Q

what is an adaptation of the cell membrane that allows it to carry out its function

A

selectively permeable

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4
Q

describe the phospholipid bilayer

A

hydrophillic head
hydrophobic tails
bilayer (two layers where legs in the middle and heads top and bottom)

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5
Q

what does the cytoplasm mainly consist of

A

mainly composed of water, salts and proteins

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6
Q

what is inside the cytoplasm

A

everything contained within the cell and outside the nucleus

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7
Q

what is the function of cytoplasm

A

provides a medium for cell activities and chemical reactions to take place

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8
Q

what is the structure of the nuclear envelope

A

double membrane perforated with pores

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9
Q

what is the structure of the nucleolus

A

densest part of nucleus

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10
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus

A

synthesises ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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11
Q

what is the function of the nucleoplasm

A

medium for chemical reactions to occur

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12
Q

what is the structure of chromatin

A

mass of long thread-like structures made up of DNA and protein

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13
Q

what is the function of chromatin

A

controls cell activities like cell division

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14
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A
  • encloses genetic material in the form of DNA
  • controls cell activities such as cell growth and repair of worn-out parts
  • essential for cell division
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15
Q

what is the structure of the mitochondria

A

smooth outer membrane, highly folded inner membrane with infoldings (cristae)

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16
Q

what is the purpose of the mitochondria structure

A

to increase surface area

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17
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

synthesises ATP from the oxidation of food substances via aerobic respiration to provide energy for cell activities

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18
Q

why does the mitochondria synthesise ATP

A

to provide energy for cell activities

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19
Q

what is the cell wall composed of

A

composed of cellulose

20
Q

what type of cells can you find the cell wall in

A

plant and prokaryotes

21
Q

what does the cell wall do

A

o supports and defines shape of plant cell
o protects cell from mechanical injury and invasion
o prevents excessive uptake of water

22
Q

what is the structure of a chloroplast

A

double membrane (chloroplast envelope)

23
Q

what are the components of the chloroplast envelope

A

inner membrane

outer membrane

24
Q

what occurs in the chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis

25
what is photosynthesis
the process by which plants make food
26
describe photosynthesis
uses water and carbon dioxide as raw materials to produce oxygen and glucose in the presence of light converts solar energy to chemical energy
27
what is the vacuole structure
large central vacuole containing cell sap surrounded by tonoplast (single membrane)
28
what is the vacuole function
o storage of organic compounds and inorganic ions o disposal site for toxic metabolic by-products o contains pigments o cell growth and elongation as water accumulates
29
in a prokaryotic cell, what is the cell wall composed of
composed of peptidoglycan, more complex than eukaryotic cells
30
what is the function of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells
o helps maintain cell shape | o protects the cell from osmotic lysis
31
what is the form DNA takes in a prokaryotic cell
o no membrane-bound nucleus, o genetic material (DNA) resides in region of nucleoid o single, circular, double-stranded DNA
32
what is the function of DNA within a prokaryotic cell
contains essential genes required for survival
33
what is the structure of the plasmid
small, circular, double-stranded extrachromosomal DNA
34
what is the function of the plasmid
contains beneficial genes which confer protective traits (e.g. antibiotic resistance, toxin synthesis and enzyme production)
35
what are the protective traits of a prokaryotic cell
antibiotic resistance toxin synthesis enzyme production
36
what are the purpose of cells
specialised for a particular function
37
what is tissue
group of cells with similar structures which work together to perform a specific function
38
what is simple tissue
Simple tissue: a group of cells of the same kind
39
what are examples of simple tissue
e.g. muscular tissue, epithelial tissue
40
what is complex tissue
Complex tissue: contains more than one type of cells
41
what are examples of complex tissue
blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma
42
what is an organ
contains more than one type of tissue, all working together for a specific function (e.g. stomach)
43
what is an organ system
consists of several organs working together for a common purpose (e.g. digestive system)
44
what are the inner foldings of the mitochondria known as
cristae
45
how is ATP formed
from the oxidation of food substances via aerobic respiration
46
how are food substances oxidised by the mitochonrdia
aerobic respiration