B Mod Midterm Flashcards
behaviour
anything a person says or does; any muscular, glandular or electrical activity of an organism
behaviour modification
the systematic application of learning principles and techniques to assess and improve individuals’ covert and overt behaviours in order to enhance their daily functioning
view of intelligence
intellegence refers to ways of behaving
view of creativity
behaviours that are novel or unusual but have a desirable effect
historical highlights
Pavlovian conditioning and early “beahviour therapy” -> operant conditioning and early “behaviour modification” -> applied behaviour analysis -> cognitive behaviour therapy
applied behaviour analyst
somone with considerable formal trainging in applied behaviour analysis
behavior therapist
someone with considerable formal training in the application of behaivour therapy or cognitive behaviour therapy for treating psychological disorders
myths and misconceptions about behaviour modification (13)
(1) use of rewards is bribery, (2) involves drugs and ECT, (3) only changes symptoms not underlying problems, (4) only for simple problems, (5) modifiers are cold and unfeeling with no empathy for their clients, (6) only for observable behaviour, (7) modifiers deny the importance of genetics or heredity in determining behaviour, (8) behaivour modification is outdated, (9) only works with non-human animals, (10) behaviourism is no long relevant to modern psychology, (11) always use food as a reinforcer, (12) produces robotic behaviour in children, (13) only works for “intellectually delayed” individuals
overt behaviour
can be observed and recorded by an individual other than the one perfomring the behaviour
covert behaviour
cannot be readily observed by others
private self-talk
thinking in words
cognitive behaviours (2)
imagining and private self-talk
dimensions of behaviour
characterisitics of behaviour that can be measured
dimensions of behaviour (3)
duration, frequency and intensity/ force
advantages of summary labels (2)
useful for quickly providing general information about how an individual might perform AND labels may imply that a particular treatment program will be helpful
disadvantages of summary labels (4)
(1) can lead to pseudo-explanations/ circular reasoning, (2) labels can negatively affect the way an individual might be treated, (3) don’t solve problems, just name them and (4) focuses attention on problem behaivours rather than strengths (become the label)
pseudo-explanations/ circular reasoning
using label to explain behaviour that lead us to that label
behavioural defecit
too little of a particular behaviour
behavioural excess
too much of a particular behviour
why use specific behavioural defecits and excesses to describe behaviour problems? (3)
to avoid the probelms of using general summary labels AND because regardless of summary labels, it is behaviour that causes concern AND specific procedures are now available to improve behaviour
characteristic of behaviour modification (first)
strong emphasis on defining problems in terms of behviour that can be measured and using changes in the behavioural measure of the problem as the best indicator of the extent to which the problem is being helped
characteristic of behaviour modification (second)
treatment procedures and techniques are ways of altering an individuals current environment to help them function more fully
characteristic of behaviour modification (third)
its methods and rationales can be decribed precisely
stimuli
the people, objects and events currently present in one’s immediate surroundings that impinge on one’s sense receptors and that can affect behaviour
characteristic of behaviour modification (fourth)
the techniques of behaviour modification are often applied by individuals in everyday life
characteristic of behaviour modification (fifth)
the techqnieus stem from basic and applied research in the science of learning in general and the principles of operant and Pavlovian conditioning in particular
characteristic of behaviour modification (sixth)
emphasizes scientific demonstration that a particular intervention or treatment was responsible for a particular behaviour change
characteristic of behaviour modification (seventh)
it places high value on accountability for everyone involved
behavioural assesment and it’s purpose (4)
the collection and analysis of information and data in order to (1) identify and describe target behaviour, (2) identify possible causes of the behaviour, (3) guide the selection of an appropriate behavioural treatment and (4) evaluate treatment outcome
target behaviour
behaviour to be improved in a behaviour modification program
functional analysis
isolating, thorugh experimentation, the causes of problem beahviour and removing or reversing them
behaviour analysis
scientific study of the laws that govern the behaviour of human beings and other animals
dimensions of applied beahivour analysis (4)
focus on measurable behavior that is socially significant AND strong emphasis on operant conditioning to develop treatment strategies AND an attempt to clearly demonstrate that the applied treatment wasresponsible for the improvement in the measured behaviour AND demonstration of generalizable and long-lasting improvement in behaviour
Application: parenting and child management
effective and appropriate child-rearing practices; programs: walking, language, toilet training, peer interactions; parenting techniques to decrease behaviour problems such as trantrums, aggressive beahviour, ignoring rules, lying and lack of obedience
Application: education
deal with disruptive classroom behaviour, modify academic behaviour directly and address individual behviour problems
Fred Keller’s (1968) Personalized System of Instruction (PSI) (7)
(1) identify objectives, (2) study small amounts, (3) demonstrate mastery, (4) frequent testing, (5) mastery before advancing, (6) non-punitive and (7) independent pace
CAPSI
computer-aided personalized systed of instruction
developmental disabilities
replaced term “mental retardation” in the 1990s; replaced by “intellectual disability” in 2007
intellectual disability
originates before age 18 and is characterized by significant limitations both in adaptive behaviour and intellectual functioning (<75 IQ); 2.3% of the population
application: developmental disabilities: intellectual disabilities
teaching behaviours such as toileting, self-help skills, social skills, communication skills, vocational skills, leisure-time activities and community survival behaviours
autism
some combination of impaired social behaviour, impaired communication, impaired self-care skills and repetitive self-stimulatory behaviours as well as some behaviours similar to children with intellectual disabilities (eg. below average score on self-care tasks); 1 in 68 children in the US
application: developmental disabilities: ASD
EIBI used to teach social and play behaviours, eliminate self-stimulatory behaviours and develop language skills; growth in government funding
Lovaas’ EIBI
early intensive behavioural intervention (EIBI) is used with children on the autism spectrum; most effective starting under 30 months and continued to school age (50% children were able to enter regular classrooms); long-lasting gains
application: schizophrenia
inadequate social relationships are a prime contributor to the poor quality of life experienced by people with schizophrenia, so social skills are major targets for change; teach positive social interactions, communication skills, assertiveness skills and job-finding skills; CB techqniues used to reduce or eliminate hallucinations or delusions
application: clinical settings
many psychological problems (eg. ADHD, OCD, phobias, eating disorders, sleep disorders, sexual disorders, depresssion, schizophrenia) are arguably behaviour-based rather than neurochemical which means that behaviour therapy may be more effective than drug therapy; adopted by most psychologists; treatment of choice for phobias and OCD (systematic desensitization/flooding)
application: self-management
ways of rearranging your environment to control your subsequent behaviour
application: medical and health care (5)
(1) direct treatment of medical problems, (2) establishing treatment compliance, (3) promotion of health living, (4) management of caregivers and (5) stress management (+ save the planet?)
behavioural medicine
a braod interdisciplinary field concerned with the links between health, illness and behaviour
stressor
condition or event that presents a coping difficulty
application: gerontology
apply BM principles to improve quality of life for the elderly/long term care patients
application: community behavioural analysis
addressing socially significant problems in unstructured community settings where the behaviour of individuals is not considered deviant in the traditional sense
application: business, industry and government (orgnaizational behaviour management)
the application of behaviour principles and methods to the study and control of individual or group behaviour within organizational settings; frequent feedback and incentives
application: behavioural sport psychology
use of behaviour analysis principles and techqniues to enhance the performance and satisfaction of athletes and others associated with sports
minimal phases of a program (4)
(1) a screeing or intake phase, (2) a preprogram or baseline assesment, (3) a treatment phase and (4) a follow-up phase
screeing or intake phase
initial interactions between a client and a practionier or an agency; usually consists of an intake form that requires general information and reason for seeking service
fuctions of screeing or intake phase (5)
(1) determine whether a particular practionier or agency is appropriate to deal with a potential client’s behaviour, (2) inform the client aobut the agency’s or practioner’s policies and prcedures rlated to service provision, (3) to screen for the presence of a crisis condition that might require immediate intervention, (4) to gather sufficient information to diagnose the client according to the standardized categories of mental disorders and (5) to provide specfiic information about which behaviour(s) should be assesed
Preprogram assessment or baseline phase
behaivour modifier asseses the target behaviour to determine its level prior to treatment AND analyzes current environment to identify possible controllign variables of the behaivour to be changed
treatment phase
design and implementation of a program to bring about the desired behaivour change
follow-up phase
observation to determine whether the improvements acheived during treatment are maintained after the program’s termination
indirect assessment procedures (4)
(1) interviews, (2) questionnaires, (3) role-playing and (4) client self-monitoring
broad procedures for collecting preprogram assessment information (3)
(1) indirect, (2) direct and (3) experimental
indirect preprogram assessment: questionniare types (4)
(1) life history, (2) self-report problem checklists, (3) survey schedules and (4) third-party behavioural checklists or rating scales
advantages of indirect assessment procedures (3)
(1) convenient, (2) does not require an inordinate amount of time and (3) potentially provides information aobut covert behaviours
disadvantages of indirect assessment procedures (2)
(1) those providing information might not remeber relevant observations accurately or (2) have biases that would influence them to provide inaccurate data