B Law 442 Final

Question 1

What is the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)?

Answer 1

A body of international law that regulates the conduct of armed hostilities.

Question 2

What are the main goals of LOAC?

Answer 2

To protect individuals not participating in hostilities and to regulate how war is conducted.

Question 3

Which documents are the foundation of LOAC?

Answer 3

The Geneva Conventions and The Hague Conventions.

Question 4

What principle requires distinguishing between combatants and civilians?

Answer 4

The principle of distinction.

Question 5

What does the principle of proportionality require in armed conflict?

Answer 5

That the harm caused by military action must not be excessive in relation to the anticipated military advantage.

Question 6

What is the role of the UN Charter in war?

Answer 6

It promotes peaceful resolution and restricts the use of force.

Question 7

What does ‘military necessity’ mean under LOAC?

Answer 7

Only using force necessary to achieve a legitimate military objective.

Question 8

Who is protected under the Geneva Conventions?

Answer 8

Wounded soldiers, prisoners of war, and civilians.

Question 9

What is an unlawful order?

Answer 9

A military command that violates LOAC and is manifestly illegal.

Question 10

What is the doctrine of command responsibility?

Answer 10

A commander is responsible for war crimes committed by subordinates if they knew and did nothing.

Question 11

What is the main principle of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter?

Answer 11

Prohibition of the threat or use of force by states in international relations.

Question 12

What does Article 51 of the UN Charter allow?

Answer 12

The right of self-defense if an armed attack occurs.

Question 13

What is collective security?

Answer 13

A system in which states act together to address threats to peace.

Question 14

What is anticipatory self-defense?

Answer 14

Defensive action taken in response to an imminent attack.

Question 15

What are Articles 39-42 of the UN Charter about?

Answer 15

They outline Security Council powers to maintain international peace and security.

Question 16

What is the ‘Caroline standard’?

Answer 16

A test for lawful anticipatory self-defense based on necessity and proportionality.

Question 17

What is the role of the UN Security Council?

Answer 17

To authorize military action and impose sanctions.

Question 18

What is NATO’s Article 5?

Answer 18

An attack on one member is considered an attack on all.

Question 19

What are modern challenges in defining ‘force’?

Answer 19

Issues like cyberattacks and economic coercion blur traditional definitions.

Question 20

What is humanitarian intervention?

Answer 20

Military intervention to prevent human rights violations, not always accepted under international law.

Question 21

What is the WTO?

Answer 21

An international organization that governs global trade rules and resolves disputes.

Question 22

What is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)?

Answer 22

A WTO agreement that reduces trade barriers on goods.

Question 23

What are the key principles of the WTO?

Answer 23

Non-discrimination, transparency, and trade liberalization.

Question 24

What does ‘Most Favoured Nation’ mean?

Answer 24

Equal trade terms for all WTO members.

Question 25

What is 'National Treatment' under WTO rules?

Answer 25

Imported goods must be treated no less favorably than domestic goods.

Question 26

What is the purpose of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body?

Answer 26

To resolve trade disputes through panels and appeals.

Question 27

What are non-tariff barriers?

Answer 27

Regulations or quotas that limit imports without using tariffs.

Question 28

What are bound tariffs?

Answer 28

Maximum tariff rates agreed upon in WTO negotiations.

Question 29

What does WTO transparency require?

Answer 29

Publishing trade regulations and notifying changes.

Question 30

What is the role of the WTO Secretariat?

Answer 30

It administers WTO agreements and provides support to dispute panels.

Question 31

What is the GATS?

Answer 31

The General Agreement on Trade in Services, part of the WTO.

Question 32

What are the four modes of service supply under GATS?

Answer 32

Cross-border supply, consumption abroad, commercial presence, presence of natural persons.

Question 33

What is the TBT Agreement?

Answer 33

WTO agreement that ensures technical regulations do not create unnecessary trade barriers.

Question 34

What is the difference between a standard and a regulation?

Answer 34

Standards are voluntary, regulations are mandatory.

Question 35

What is 'harmonization' in trade standards?

Answer 35

Using internationally recognized standards to facilitate trade.

Question 36

What is 'equivalence' in trade rules?

Answer 36

Recognizing foreign standards as functionally similar.

Question 37

What does 'mutual recognition' mean?

Answer 37

Accepting other countries' test results and certifications.

Question 38

What is 'market access' under GATS?

Answer 38

The ability to enter a service market without certain limitations.

Question 39

What is 'national treatment' in GATS?

Answer 39

Foreign service providers should receive the same treatment as domestic providers.

Question 40

What is the Agreement on Government Procurement?

Answer 40

A WTO deal ensuring transparency and non-discrimination in government purchases.

Question 41

What is dumping?

Answer 41

Selling goods in a foreign market at a lower price than in the domestic market.

Question 42

What is a subsidy?

Answer 42

A financial contribution by a government that gives an advantage to producers.

Question 43

What are actionable subsidies?

Answer 43

Subsidies that harm trade and may be challenged under WTO rules.

Question 44

What is a countervailing duty?

Answer 44

A tariff to neutralize the effects of a subsidy.

Question 45

What is the purpose of a safeguard?

Answer 45

To temporarily restrict imports to protect a domestic industry from harm.

Question 46

What are the requirements for safeguard measures?

Answer 46

Proven injury to industry, non-discriminatory application, and temporary duration.

Question 47

What is the Agreement on Agriculture?

Answer 47

WTO rules for reducing agricultural subsidies and improving market access.

Question 48

What is the two-tier test for exceptions in trade?

Answer 48

A measure must meet a listed exception and satisfy legal conditions.

Question 49

What are prohibited subsidies?

Answer 49

Subsidies tied to export performance or using domestic over imported goods.

Question 50

What are upstream subsidies?

Answer 50

Subsidies to suppliers that indirectly reduce the export price of final goods.

Question 51

What distinguishes international from non-international armed conflict?

Answer 51

International conflicts involve states; non-international involve state vs. non-state actors.

Question 52

Why is chivalry included in LOAC?

Answer 52

To promote fairness and humanity even during armed conflict.

Question 53

What does the concept of 'reciprocity' prohibit under LOAC?

Answer 53

Violations by one party do not justify similar violations by another.

Question 54

What is the role of the General Assembly in the use of force?

Answer 54

It discusses issues of peace but cannot authorize use of force like the Security Council.

Question 55

How does 'pre-emptive self-defense' differ from anticipatory?

Answer 55

Pre-emptive is based on threat probability; anticipatory responds to imminent danger.

Question 56

What is an example of modern 'soft force'?

Answer 56

Economic sanctions or cyberattacks that influence state behavior without armed conflict.

Question 57

What is the role of the Ministerial Conference in the WTO?

Answer 57

It is the top decision-making body of the WTO.

Question 58

Why is the principle of 'like products' important in trade law?

Answer 58

It helps determine whether domestic and imported goods are treated equally.

Question 59

What is 'tariff binding'?

Answer 59

A commitment by countries not to raise tariffs above an agreed level.

Question 60

What is the purpose of conformity assessments?

Answer 60

To verify that a product meets technical standards or regulations.

Question 61

Why are transparency obligations critical in the TBT Agreement?

Answer 61

They ensure trading partners understand regulatory changes and adapt.

Question 62

How do governments justify trade restrictions under GATS?

Answer 62

By referencing national policy goals like security or health, provided they meet WTO rules.

Question 63

How is 'material injury' defined in anti-dumping cases?

Answer 63

Significant harm to a domestic industry from unfair trade.

Question 64

What are 'prohibited subsidies' under the SCM Agreement?

Answer 64

Subsidies tied directly to export targets or domestic content.

Question 65

What is the role of the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU)?

Answer 65

It governs how trade disputes are resolved under the WTO.

Question 66

What is the significance of the Uruguay Round?

Answer 66

It led to the creation of the WTO and expanded rules to services and intellectual property.

Question 67

Why is international law important in regulating economic relations?

Answer 67

It ensures stability, predictability, and fairness in cross-border transactions.

Question 68

How do RTAs interact with WTO rules?

Answer 68

They must comply with WTO principles unless they qualify for specific exceptions.

Question 69

What happens when a WTO ruling is not enforced?

Answer 69

The winning party may impose retaliatory measures, such as withdrawing concessions.

Question 70

Why are cyberattacks difficult to regulate under international law?

Answer 70

Lack of clear definitions and challenges in attribution complicate legal responses.