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BIOSCI 107 > B&I blood > Flashcards

B&I blood Flashcards

1
Q

Arterial pressure is maintained by…?

A

Elastic vessel walls that contain an abundance of smooth muscle

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2
Q

Venous pressure is LOWER than arterial pressure because…?

What is required in veins to prevent back flow?

A

Veins are not elastic

One way valves are required to prevent back flow

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3
Q

A loss of blood over_% is fatal? Why?

A

20% - due to impaired pressure and flow and tissue starve of oxygen

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4
Q

What causes hypertension (high blood pressure)?

What does this result in?

A

Narrowing/hardening of the arteries

Results in reduced flow in the arteries and coagulation

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5
Q

Why does inhaled cyanide stop heart activity in seconds?

A

CN targets Fe2+ in cytochrome C oxidase in the mitochondria, which stops respiration and the production of ATP

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6
Q

A buffer is needed to prevent rapid change in blood pH as a variance of 0.2 from normal pH can cause acidosis or alkalosis.
What is the normal pH in blood?
What is a good buffer?

A

pH7.4

Buffers: albumin, phosphate, bicarbonate, creatine

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7
Q

Blood separates into 3 components upon low speed centrifugation. These are…?

A
  1. Packed red cells - 40%
  2. Buffy coat - 10% (containing white cells)
  3. Plasma 50% (containing soluble proteins, lipids and platelets)
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8
Q

What is plasma? (2)

A
  • The viscous liquid fraction of UNcoagulated blood

- Carries cells and proteins throughout the body

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9
Q

What is serum? (2)

A
  • Blood without fibrinogen and cells

- The straw coloured liquid that remains after coagulation (cream after a fatty meal)

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10
Q

What is albumin? (5)

A
  • Accounts for ~50% of total blood protein (most common)
  • Maintain OSMOTIC PRESSURE
  • Binds/transports small molecules and proteins
  • Good buffer
  • Still has fibrinogen
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11
Q

What is fibrinogen? (2)

A
  • Second most abundant protein

- Cleaved by THROMBIN (in coagulation cascade) to form FIBRIN that cross links to form the blood clot

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12
Q

What is immunoglobulin (Ig)? (4)

A

ANTIBODIES responsible for immunity
~10% of total blood protein
- Diverse antigen binding proteins produced by B lymphocyte
- Ig becomes elevated in diseases

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13
Q

What are compliment proteins? (3)

A
  • Zymogens that OPSONISE invading organisms for phagocytosis
  • Important for immune response
  • 9 major components (C3 is major component)
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14
Q

What are coagulation proteins? (4)

A
  • 13 proteins that initiate cleavage of FIBRINOGEN to FIBRIN to form the clot
  • THROMBIN is the central enzyme in this process
  • Calcium is an essential component in this process
  • HAEMOPHILIA (uncontrolled bleeding) can result from an error in this process
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15
Q

Describe erythrocytes/RBC (3)

A
  • Most abundant (compared to leukocytes)
  • Solely for O2 transport
  • Flat, NO nucleus (so survive radio therapy)
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16
Q

What are myeloid cells? (2)

Name the 4 myeloid cells

A
  • Important cells in innate immunity and phagocytosis
  • Have a range of receptors that bind immune complexes
    Neutrophils, monocytes (become macrophages), basophils, eosinophils
17
Q

What are the 2 lymphoid cells?

Where do they originate?

A

B lymphocytes - antibody adaptive immunity
T lymphocytes - cellular adaptive immunity (developed in thymus)
Both originate in bone marrow

18
Q

Describe leukocytes/WBC (3)

A
  • Involved in immunity
  • Neutrophil most abundant - responds to infection
  • WBC not as abundant as RBC
19
Q

What are the functions of platelets? (2)

A
  • Coagulation

- Tissue repair

20
Q

Describe haematopoeisis (3)

A
  • All blood cells originate from a single pluripotent human stem cell (CD34+)
  • This cell is rare but important
  • Resides in bone marrow but has high conc in umbilical cord (saved for stem cell transplants)
21
Q

Describe the function of GM-CSF, G-CSF and EPO (erythropoetin)

A

Regulate blood

  • GM-CSF - speeds up WBC repopulation
  • EPO - drives production of RBC (drug ^O2)
  • G-CSF - production of granulocytes and mature neutrophils
22
Q

Why do cells need O2?

Why are the lungs important?

A

ATP - energy for bodily functions

Lungs provide vast surface for O2 CO2 exchange

23
Q

What is the alveoli?

A

Small membrane where O2 can diffuse in blood (changes colour - venous is dark red, arterial is bright red and foamy)

24
Q

Describe hameoglobin (4)

A
  • Carries O2 to tissue
  • Has 4 haem molecules, each binded to ferrous iron atom (this allows blood to bind to O2)
  • Raises potential to bind oxygen x7
  • Assists in association and dissociation of oxygen
25
Q

What is the compliment cascade? (2)

A
  • Proteolytic (breakdown of proteins to smaller amino acids etc.) cascade essential for innate immunity
  • Convertases are irreversibly bound through a covalent bond
26
Q

Why are electrolytes an important blood component? (3)

A
  • Isotonicity (equal conc in solutions on either side of membrane)
  • Buffering
  • Regulation of membrane channels/ion pumps (Ca, K)
27
Q

What regulates the association and dissociation of O2 from haem? (2)

A

Partial pressure of O2 (pO2)
- O2 readily associates with haem in the lungs (at atmospheric pO2) and dissociates in the tissues (delivering O2 to cells)

28
Q

What are the 3 different pathways of the compliment cascade?

A
  1. Classical - mediated by antibodies IgM or IgG binding to microbe surface which is then bound by compliment C1
  2. Lectin - carbohydrate
  3. Alternative
29
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

Deposition of complement on microbes, essential for phagocytosis

30
Q

What are anaphylotoxins?

How are they produced?

A
  • Powerful chemoattractants that attract and activate neutrophils
  • Produced by cleavage of C3, C4 and C5 to small fragments C3a, C4a, C5a
31
Q

What happens in the end stage of complement (C5 onwards)?

A

Lytic pore forms that cause some bacteria to lyse - this is the membrane attack complex (MAC)

32
Q

What are the negatives in the complement cascade? (2)

A
  • People with deficiencies in a compliment component are susceptible to chronic infections
  • Many microbes produce proteins calle VIRULENCE FACTORS that inhibit the cascade
33
Q

What are the factors involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation?

A

Intrinsic: XII, XI, IX, VIII (8-12) - caused by CONTACT with surfaces
Extrinsic: V, VII (5, 7, 10) - caused by TISSUE damage
Both: X

34
Q

What is the function of factor Xa in the coagulation pathway?

A

Converts prothrombin to thrombin

35
Q

What is coagulation? (2)

A
  • Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form a clot

- ie. Liquid changing to solid/semi-solid

36
Q

What is the role of plasminogen in coagulation?

What are the two common plasminogen activators?

A
  • Plasminogen is converted to active plasmin and dissolves the clot (“thrombolysis”)
  • TPA, streptokinase

BIOSCI 107 (14 decks)

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