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Histopathology > B Histopathology 13 and 14: Gynaecological Pathology > Flashcards

B Histopathology 13 and 14: Gynaecological Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is salpingitis?

A

Infection of fallopian tubes

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2
Q

What are the possible complications of untreated salpingitis?

A

AdhesionsAbscessesPeritonitisEctopic pregnancy

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3
Q

What are the high risk forms of HPV for cervical cancer?

A

16 and 18

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4
Q

Recall the stages of progression from normal cervical cells to cervical carcinoma

A

NormalT positive HPV (abnormal cells) CIN 1 (lower 1/3 of cells neoplastic)CIN 2 (2/3 of cells neoplastic) CIN 3 (full thickness neoplastic) Carcinoma

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5
Q

What do CIN and CGIN stand for, and what is the main difference between them?

A

CIN = cervical intraepithelial neoplasiaCGIN = cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasiaCIN progresses to squamous cell carcinomaCGIN progresses to adenocarcinoma

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6
Q

How does HPV lead to neoplatic transformation of cervical cells?

A

E6 and E7 viral proteins deactivate p53 and Retinoblastoma (tumour suppressor genes)

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7
Q

What age range is invited to cervical screening?

A

25-64

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8
Q

Which HPV strains are included in the quadrivalent vaccine?

A

6,11,16,18

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9
Q

What is leiomyoma of the uterus?

A

Smooth muscle cell tumour of the uterus

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10
Q

What is a fibroid?

A

Leiomyoma

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11
Q

How are fibroids classified?

A

As either intramural, submucosal or subserosal

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12
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Persistent oestrogen

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13
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and 2 endometrial carcinomas?

A

Type 1: adenocarcinomasType 2: Serous/ clear cell carcinoma

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14
Q

What is the relative prevelance of type 1 vs type 2 endometrial carcinoma?

A

Type 1 = 80-85%Type 2 = 10-15%

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15
Q

Recall the genetic associations of serous and clear cell endometrial carcinomas

A

Serous: p53 mutationClear cell: PTEN mutation

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16
Q

Which type of endometrial carcinoma is high grade and which is low grade?

A

Type 1 = low gradeType 2 = high grade

17
Q

Which type of endometrial carcinoma is most likely to arise in atrophic endometrium?

A

Type 2

18
Q

Recall the FIGO stages of endometrial cancer

A

Stage 1: Confined to uterusStage 2: Spread to cervixStage 3: Spread to adnexa, vagina, local lymph nodes (pelvic/ para-aortic) Stage 4: Distant metastases

19
Q

Recall the different types of gestational trophoblastic disease

A

Partial/ complete moleInvasive moleChoriocarcinoma

20
Q

How does gestational trophoblastic disease usually present?

A

As spontaneous abortion

21
Q

What is the cause of gestational trophoblastic disease?

A

Fertilisation of one egg by 2 sperm

22
Q

Describe the prognosis of choriocarcinoma

A

Very aggressive but also very responsive to treatment

23
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside of the uterus - bleeding of ectopic material is painful

24
Q

What is adenomyosis?

A

Ectopic endometrial tissue within the myometrium

25
Q

What is the main symptom of adenomyosis?

A

Dysmennorhoea

26
Q

What type of tumour are 95% of ovarian neoplasms?

A

Epithelial tumours

27
Q

Describe the 2 different types of ovarian carcinoma

A

Type 1 (low grade, has precursors) Type 2 (high grade, associated with p53 mutations)

28
Q

What type of epithelium are most ovarian carcinomas derived from?

A

Serous

29
Q

Which types of ovarian carcinoma are associated with endometriosis?

A

Endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma

30
Q

Recall the 4 types of sex cord stromal tumours, and the malignant potential of each

A

Fibromas (from fibroblasts) = benignGranulosa cell tumours = variable behaviourThecoma (thecal cells) = benignSertoli-Leydig cell tumours = variable behaviour

31
Q

In what age group of women are germ cell tumours seen?

A

<20s

32
Q

Recall the different types of germ cell tumour in women

A

Undifferentiated germ cells: dysgermiomaTumour of extra-embryonic tissue: endodermal sinus tumourTrophoblast tumour: choriocarcinomaCancer of embryonic tissue: teratoma

33
Q

Recall 2 types of cancer that commonly metastasise to the ovary

A

Krokenburg tumoursColon cancer

Histopathology (10 decks)

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